The Road to World War I

1
AP World History World War I Chapter 34
2
Differing Viewpoints

• Family Feud
• Fall of the Eagles
• The War to End All Wars
• The War to Make the World Safe for
  Democracy

3
ColonialRivalriesAfricain1914
4
Colonial Rivalries Asia in 1914
5
The British Empire in 1914
6
The Balkans in 1878
7
The Balkan Wars 1912-1913
8
Europe in 1914
9
The Balkans in 1914
10
Cause 1 Militarism

• Belief that ones country needs a strong and
  large military
• Includes belief in build-up of navies
• Britain had best navy in the world in 1900
• Germany began building up their navy to compete
  with Britain
• Britain responds with even greater production

11
Cause 2 Alliances

• Europes major powers entered into many alliances
  with one-another.
• Designed to keep the peace and fulfill
  obligations
• In reality the network of alliances meant an
  attack on one nation could bring all of its
  allies to its aid
• Small conflicts could escalate quickly

12
Cause 3 Imperialism

• European countries competed with one another for
  colonies around the world
• Rivalry between Germany-France Germany-Britain
  was the most intense
• Germany felt left-out esp. in Africa Asia
• These rivalries help shape future alliances led
  to conflicts before WWI ever started
• French/German Moroccan conflict 1905
• Balkan Wars of 1912-13

13
Cause 4 Nationalism

• The belief that people with similar ethnic
  origins, language, and political ideals had the
  right to form their own country
• Some Euro. areas (Germany, Italy, Belgium) had
  gained independence others (esp. the Balkan
  region) hadnt yet
• Austria-Hungary was an empire with many people
  esp. Slavs wanting independence (using
  nationalism as primary reason)
• Intensified by Russias Pan-Slavism policy
• Nationalism also included strong pride in ones
  country (belief it should outshine others)
  esp. colonies

14
ColonialRivalriesAfricain1914
15
Alliance System Major players before the war

• The Triple Alliance (Central Powers)
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Ottoman Empire
• Bulgaria
• The Triple Entente (The Allied Powers)
• Britain
• France
• Russia

16
(No Transcript)
17
The Spark that starts the war

• Serbian Nationalist group called the Black Hand
  wanted Serbian unity less power for
  Austria-Hungary in Balkan region

18
(No Transcript)
19
Spark, Cont Assassination of the Archduke

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to Austria-Hungary
  throne) assassinated by Gavrilo Princip while
  visiting Sarajevo (in Bosnia-Herzegovina)
• Austria-Hungary issues ultimatum to Serbia then
  declares war on Serbia

20
The Assassin
GavriloPrincip
21
Movement Toward War

• June 28, 1914 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand is
  assassinated
• July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
• July 30 Russia (Serbias ally) mobilizes armed
  forces
• August 1 Germany (Austria-Hungarys ally)
  declares war on Russia
• August 3 Germany declares war on France
  (Russias ally) prepares for invasion of Belgium
  (Schlieffen Plan)
• August 4 Britain, pledging to protect Belgium,
  declares war on Germany
• August 6 Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia
• August 12 France and Britain declare war on
  Austria-Hungary

22
Whos To Blame?
23
1. The Alliance System
Triple Entente
Triple Alliance
24
Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers
Central Powers
25
The War Begins

• Speedy war expected (Well be home by
  Christmas)
• War of glory expected
• All had belief in victory God is on our side

26
German Poster
27
(No Transcript)
28
Schlieffen Plan

• Germany would attack fast by going through
  neutral Belgium along the coast and defeat France
  quickly, and then take on Russia in the East.
  Germany did NOT want to fight a war on two
  fronts!

29
The reality of War The Western Front

• Hopes of quick war gives way to stalemate along
  Western Front Trench Warfare
• Soldiers fought each other from dug out trenches
• Would storm each others trenches
• Very bloody and each side would gain very little
  land
• advanced about one mile per month

30
Trench Conditions

• Trenches were infested by rats and disease
• dead bodies littered the ground
• Food was scarce and sleep was almost impossible
  due to constant artillery blasts

31

• The men slept in mud, washed in mud, ate mud,
  and dreamed mud

32
Trench Warfare
33
New Weapons

• Machine Guns
• Tanks
• Barbed Wire
• Poison Gases
• Large Artillery
• Airplanes
• Submarines
• What were the point of these new weapons? What
  were the effects of introducing these new
  weapons?
• It has been said that WWI was the first
  industrialized war. What does that mean? What
  are the effects when war is industrialized?

34
Krupps Big Bertha Gun
35
French Renault Tank
36
British Tank at Ypres
37
U-Boats
38
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
39
The Airplane
Squadron Over the BrentaMax Edler von Poosch,
1917
40
The Flying Aces of World War I
FrancescoBarraco, It.
Eddie MickMannoch, Br.
Eddie Rickenbacher, US
Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.The Red Baron
Rene PaukFonck, Fr.
Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.
41
Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
42
The Zeppelin
43
FlameThrowers
GrenadeLaunchers
44
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
45
Brutality of New Warfare

• Unprecedented casualties
• Verdun - 1916
• 315,000 French killed
• 280,000 German casualties
• Less than 160,000 bodies recovered
• The Somme - British gain few thousand yards
• 420,000 casualties
• No significant strategic advantage

46
The Somme July, 1916

• 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
• Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

47
War Is HELL !!
48
(No Transcript)
49
The Eastern Front

• Much more fluid than the West
• Many early losses by Allied Powers (esp. Russia
  creating a lack of popularity for the war and for
  the Czar in Russia)

50
War around the World Colonies at War

• Not just a European war but a global conflict
  (colonies were expected to help often with men
  resources)
• Japan entered the war on the side of the Allies
  (wanted to rid Germany from East Asia esp.
  China Pacific) ? Plus, Japan could gain
  colonies
• Conquered many German possessions in Asia
• Japan issues 21 Demands on China
• Germany fought Britain and France in Africa
• The Allied failure of the Gallipoli Campaign

51
Sikh British Soldiers in India
52
Fighting in Africa
Black Soldiers in the German SchutztruppenGerman
E. Africa
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
53
Fighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
54
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry fromCochin,
China - 1916
55
Total War

• WWI was fought by entire societies not just
  armies (includes the military front the home
  front both equally important)
• The Home Front included each nations ability to
  mobilize its economy non-combat citizens for
  the war effort

56
WWI The Home Front

• Big Home Front Themes
• Industrialized wars required new levels of
  government oversight and propaganda, damaging the
  19th century ideal of laissez-faire economics.
• The necessity of using women in European
  factories damaged the traditional middle-class
  ideas of a patriarchal society with separate
  spheres for women men
• New Rules of Engagement with Civilians as
  targets
• Bombing of cities / destroying passenger ships
• Blockading countries

57
The Home Front Changes in the Economy

• Governments abandoned laissez-faire approach in
  favor of tight-controls over economy (production
  quotas, price controls, restrictions on workers)
  Why?
• Huge demand for workers at home (why?)

58
Women in WWI

• At home Women took male jobs took new roles
  (factory work esp. munitions, often dangerous)
• At war Women worked mainly as nurses and
  clerical workers
• Impact of the war for women
• Very liberating for upper-class women / less so
  for lower classes
• Women still earned less than men for equal work
• War served as liberating force for women (voting
  rights granted in several countries after war)

59
Financing the War
60
Munitions Workers
61
French Women Factory Workers
62
German Women Factory Workers
63
Working in the Fields
64
A Woman Ambulance Driver
65
Red Cross Nurses
66
Women in the Army Auxiliary
67
Russian Women Soldiers
68
WWI Propaganda / Civil Liberties

• Propaganda included all of the following
• Promoted national unity
• Censored bad war news
• Vilified the enemy (sub-human savages)
• Restriction of civil liberties (often illegal to
  criticize the govt)
• Joseph Callaux in France
• Charles Schenck in the U.S.

69
(No Transcript)
70
(No Transcript)
71
German atrocities in Belgium
72
Russian Revolution

• Russia was performing very poorly in the war
  (massive casualties vs. Germans on Eastern Front)
• Armies began to disintegrate
• Food shortages protests common
• Czar Nicholas II forced to step down in March
  1917 (Romanov Dynasty 300 yr. old ends)
• Revolutionary movement led by soviets began to
  take shape
• Soviet Revolutionary councils organized by
  Socialists in Russia

73
Russian Revolution (Cont)

• Russia broke down into two camps (The Provisional
  Government the Petrograd Soviet)
• Provisional Government had the power and did
  accomplish a number of reforms
• BUTthe major goals for the masses of people were
  to 1.) End the War, and 2.) Land Reform
• The Provisional Govt claimed it couldnt do
  either
• The Petrograd soviet felt it COULD do these

74
Vladimir Lenin

• Radical Marxist who believed in quickly ending
  the War
• Wanted to impose Marxist socialism in Russia
  but believed in the need for a disciplined
  workers party that would bring about change
• Headed new group of Russian Socialists called the
  Bolsheviks

75
Bolsheviks seize power

• Gained control of the Petrograd soviet
• Won respect of peasants after Provisional Govt
  wouldnt end the war, feed the people, or put
  forth land reforms
• Bolsheviks promised people Peace, Land, and
  Bread.
• Popular support allowed Lenin the Bolsheviks to
  seize power fully in Nov. 1917

76
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

• After departing the war the Bolshevik rulers
  negotiated a treaty with Germany - ending
  Russias participation in the war
• Germany got possession of a large segment of
  Russian territory ¼ of its population
• Russia was out of the war and free to address
  problems at home.

77
U.S. Enters the War

• America had been officially neutral from
  1914-1917
• Some believed an Allied victory made good
  financial sense in America (U.S. banks loaned
  lots of to Allies)
• America finally enters the war (reasons why)
• Germany resumed Unrestricted Sub Warfare on
  merchant ships (sinking of the Lusitania
  others)
• Zimmerman Telegram leaked
• U.S.s official policy the world must be made
  safe for democracy

78
The Sinking of the Lusitania
79
The end of the War

• Surge by American troops in late 1917 and 1918
  was too much for the Germans
• Allies push through the Western Front lines in
  1918
• Germany was exhausted after 4 years of Total
  War (running low on materials, people tired)
• Armistice to end the war signed on Nov. 11, 1918

80
1918 Flu Pandemic Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 100,000,000 died
81
(No Transcript)
82
World War I Casualties
83
Post-War Agreements

• U.S. President Woodrow Wilson proposed his
  Fourteen Points which called for
• End to secret treaties
• Freedom of the seas
• Freedom of trade
• Reduction in the size of armies/navies
• Fix to the colonialism issue (give equal
  interests to owner of colony natives)
• Promote Self-Determination
• Form an international peacemaking organization
  (League of Nations)

84
Post-War Agreements (Cont)

• Leaders of France, Britain, U.S. dominated talks
  at the Paris Peace Conference 1919 to pass a
  series of treaties.
• Representatives from Germany Russia were not
  invited

85
Treaty of Versailles

• Passed the Treaty of Versailles - which said
• Germany must accept sole responsibility for war
• Germany must have a limited army/navy
• Germany forced to give up overseas empire (all
  colonies possessions)
• Germany must pay war reparation payments of over
  30 billion
• (Territory, Military, Reparations, and GUILT)
• Germany complained the treaty was overly harsh
  and embarrassing

86
Self Determination

• The ability for people to rule themselves
  choose their own government and not be ruled by
  others
• Had its limitations / rules
• World said no to a united Germany/Austria
• Often difficult to redraw boundaries fairly
• Didnt always work well (Yugoslavia land of the
  south Slavs actually made up of Serbs, Croats,
  Slovenes)

87
Turkey with Mustafa Kemal

• Turkish Nationalist leader Mustafa Kemal was
  upset that the Ottoman Sultan was negotiating
  with the Allies after the war
• Kemal started a nationalist movement, defied the
  Allies, drove them out, abolished the old
  sultanate and formed the Republic of Turkey

88
Republic of Turkey

• Kemal rules Turkey as its first president
• Put forth a program of modernization
• Economic development with industrialization
• Move toward secular government
• Women can vote
• European-derived law
• Western Alphabet
• Western clothing

89
The Mandate System

• A mixture or transition between colonialism
  and self-determination
• After the war the old colonies of the Central
  Powers had to be divided up
• America didnt want a return to old fashion
  colonial system
• As a compromise set up the Mandate System
  Allies would administer these areas until they
  could stand on their own
• French ruled Mandates in former Ottoman
  territories of Syria and Lebanon
• British established Mandates in Iraq and
  Palestine
• Some hated the idea Allies saw it as an
  unpleasant reality for places that werent
  ready for self rule yet

90
Effects of the war things to consider

• Europe is now weaker U.S. takes a new position
  as a world power
• Global depression is looming because of war
• Revolutionary ideas spread to areas around the
  world

91
Effects of WWI on East Asia Middle East South
Asia)- Essay

• Main Points
• Strong desire for self-rule in post WWI climate
• Move toward economic independence
• The Worldwide Economic Depression

92
Post WWI Effects on East Asia (China and Japan)

• China
• Economic / Political breakdown (examples)
• Nationalism on the rise (examples)
• Desire for self-rule / end imperialism unequal
  treaties
• Some turn to Marxism (rise of Communist movement
  - Mao Zedong)
• Japan
• -Winning side of WWI
• -Economic / political chaos caused by Depression
• -React to econ problems by invading Chinese
  Manchuria in 1931

93
South Asia - India

• Political effects post WWI
• Indian National Congress (INC) formed pre-WWI
  but pushed hard for self-rule after war
• Motivated by Wilsons message of
  self-determination and Lenins message of
  anti-colonialism / revolution of proletariat,
  etc.
• Turmoil leads to movement by Mohandas Gandhi
• Shifts INC from elitist body to one of the common
  man

94
Mohandas Gandhi

• Fought segregation, mistreatment of Indians
• -Passive non-violence, tolerance, simple living,
  non materialism, abstention from worldly
  pleasures
• -Fought for lowest castes through civil
  disobedience and boycott of British goods