Bellwork - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 49
About This Presentation
Title:

Bellwork

Description:

Tecumseh. Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief who rallied the Indian Nations east of the Mississippi river, urged Natives not to sell their land to settlers. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:136
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 50
Provided by: pbwo710
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Bellwork


1
Bellwork
  • How did the issues between Britain and France
    almost drag the U.S. into a war (consider
    Napoleon and the issues of British impressment)?

2
American History
  • Section 8, Unit 5
  • War of 1812

3
Objectives
  • Identify the occurrences overseas that lead up to
    conflicts in North America
  • Discuss issues regarding the succession of James
    Madison as president
  • Discuss and map out the War of 1812 while
    focusing on two main phases of the war
  • Identify the effects of the Treaty of Ghent and
    the Hartford Convention

4
Fears Grow
  • While the U.S. expanded in borders, issues were
    growing even larger across the rest of the world.
  • These issues would continue to grow and threaten
    the U.S.

5
Fears Grow
  • Since 1783, the U.S. had been trading with
    merchants in Northern Africa.
  • However, the increase of pirates in the region
    convinced many Americans of the need for a
    powerful navy.

6
Fears Grow
  • The conviction to have a stronger navy grew
    stronger as Napoleons war in Europe spilled into
    the Atlantic Ocean.
  • In 1807, Britain passed the Orders in Council,
    which forbade neutral vessels from trading with
    France or even entering ports under French
    control.

7
Orders in Council
  • Napoleon reacted by threatening to seize all
    foreign ships that cooperated with the British
    navy.
  • Once again, America was caught in the cross fire
    between France and Britain.

8
1807
  • In the summer of 1807, events took an ugly turn.
  • Britain, who was facing a manpower shortage in
    their Royal Navy, stepped up its practice of
    impressment.
  • On June 22, the captain of the British ship
    Leopard demanded their right to board the U.S.
    Chesapeake to search for British deserters.

9
Chesapeake Incident
  • The captain of the Chesapeake refused, and the
    British opened fire, killing 3 U.S. sailors and
    wounding 18 others.
  • The Chesapeake incident outraged many Americans.

Question How do you think President Jefferson
responded?
10
Embargo Act
  • While President Jefferson wanted to maintain U.S.
    neutrality, despite his disagreeing with British
    actions.
  • In an effort at peaceful coercion, at
    Jefferson's urging, Congress passed the Embargo
    Act of 1807.
  • This Act stopped shipments of American products
    to foreign ports.
  • The goal was to hurt foreign nations by attacking
    their economies.

11
Consequences
  • However, New England merchants and western
    farmers opposed the measure, as well as those who
    lost work because of it.
  • While the embargo was meant to hurt foreign
    markets, American producers lost the ability to
    sell to those who bought most of their products.

Jeffersons embargo only weakened the American
economy, as Britain and France had empires strong
enough to withstand a loss of trade with the U.S.
12
James Madison
  • In 1809, James Madison succeeded Jefferson as
    President.
  • Initially, he kept the embargo in place, but as
    public pressure grew, he repealed the embargo
    act.

13
Non-Intercourse Act
  • Following this, Congress passed the
    Non-Intercourse Act, which only prohibited U.S.
    trade with Great Britain and France.
  • While this was a slight improvement, it did
    little to improve the situations of Americans.

14
Non-Intercourse Act
  • Great Britain and France, who were both already
    very powerful, were barely affected by an embargo
    against them. The law ultimately hurt Americans
    more.
  • As the situation became worse, war with Britain,
    France, or both seemed inevitable.

15
Westward problems
  • While international issues brewed, events at home
    made the situation even worse.
  • Hunters, trappers, and farmers in the west, who
    sought new land in British Canada and Spanish
    Florida, moved westward.
  • As they moved, they moved onto lands occupied by
    Native Americans.

16
Tensions rise
  • As settlers moved westward, tensions rose between
    the settlers and Native American groups, who
    looked for Great Britain for assistance.
  • Westerners also became alarmed by a Native leader
    named Tecumseh (tuh-kuhm-suh).

17
Tecumseh
  • Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief who rallied the Indian
    Nations east of the Mississippi river, urged
    Natives not to sell their land to settlers.
  • Tecumseh was successful in gaining support.
  • As his numbers grew, settlers pressured the
    government to take action.

Sell a country!? Why not sell the air, the
clouds, and the great sea?... Did not the great
Spirit make them all for the use of his
children?
18
Attack against the Natives
  • In 1811, when Tecumseh was in the South seeking
    support from Native groups, General William Henry
    Harrison decided to move against Tecumseh and his
    stronghold.
  • However, on November 7, the Natives attacked
    first by targeting an army camp.
  • However, their attack went against Tecumsehs
    warning that the time to fight was not right.

19
Battle of Tippecanoe
  • The Battle of Tippecanoe ended in defeat for the
    Native Americans.
  • When Tecumseh returned from the South in early
    1812, he saw his dream of a united confederation
    shattered.
  • Instead, he faced a border war between Native
    Americans and settlers.

20
Britain's Aid
  • The British were discovered to have supplied
    Tecumsehs forces with weapons (from Canada
    which they still controlled under the Treaty of
    Paris).
  • Upon this, the clamor for war against British
    rose in Congress. Issues grew within the
    Congress.

21
Calls for War
  • To reduce tensions the British suspended the
    Orders in Council in 1812, but the news hadnt
    reached the U.S. in time.
  • By the time the Orders were suspended, President
    Madison asked for a declaration of war against
    British.

Question Why did Madison have to ask Congress to
declare war?
22
Calls for War
  • To support his push for war, Madison cited
    repeated violations of the U.S. neutral rights,
    including impressment of American sailors, and
    British support of the Natives in the frontier.
  • After some debate, both the House and Senate
    voted to support the declaration of war.

23
Splits in Congress
  • The vote for war was split almost exactly along
    sectional lines.
  • The South and the West which suffered from
    agricultural depression and Native troubles that
    they blamed on Britain supported war.
  • The Middle Atlantic and New England states,
    however, opposed the declaration. These states
    survived on continuing trade between them and
    Britain.

24
Beginnings of the War of 1812
  • The United States was not prepared for war. The
    Republicans were reluctant to tax and they
    reduced the strength of the military.
  • Despite Britain's great sea power, the American
    Navy however did enjoy the advantages of
    well-trained sailors and officers, along with a
    generally high morale.

25
African Soldiers
  • Although the government of the time made little
    effort to enlist blacks, African Americans
    enslaved and free took part in the war.
  • Many fugitive slaves, hoping to win their
    freedom, fought for the Americans or British.
  • At least 1/10th of the naval crews on the Great
    Lakes were made up of African Americans.

26
War of 1812 First Phase
  • American war strategy focused on the conquest of
    Canada by land and sea.
  • With the British preoccupied by their struggle
    with Napoleon, who was increasing his power in
    Europe, Americans were confident of a quick
    victory.
  • However, repeated attempts to invade Canada
    failed.

27
Successes
  • The United States did enjoy early successes at
    sea.
  • In the first eight months of the war, U.S.
    frigates won many victories against British
    warships.
  • Meanwhile, American pirates seriously disrupted
    British trade and commerce by raiding British
    ships across the Atlantic.

28
Successes
  • The U.S. navy achieved even greater success on
    the Great Lakes.
  • In 1813, a small naval force commanded by Cpt.
    Oliver Hazard Perry won control of Lake Erie,
    helping to secure Americas northwestern border.

29
Battle of Thames
  • Encouraged by naval victories, General Harrison
    crossed into Canada.
  • With some 4,500 troops, he defeated the British
    and their Native American allies at the Battle of
    Thames.
  • The British hold on the Northwest Territory was
    finally broken.

30
War of 1812- Second Phase
  • Soon after ending its war with France in early
    1814 (after Napoleon was removed as ruler of
    France), Britain sent 14,000 reinforcements to
    Canada.

Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba and
then later to St. Helena (during his second exile)
31
War of 1812 Second Phase
  • The British planned a new attack
  • Invade the U.S. from the North through Canada
  • Invade from the South through New Orleans
  • Raid points along the Atlantic Coast to disrupt
    American commerce

32
Question What is going on in this picture? Who
are the men pictured here? What is that building
in the background?
33
Burning of the Capital
  • On August 24, 1814, British forces struck
    Washington, D.C.
  • Within a day, they captured the city, burned the
    executive mansion (White House), and other major
    buildings before moving on.
  • While the President was not in the mansion at the
    time, his wife- Dolley Madison- was. She was able
    to escape before the enemy attacked.

34
Next attack
  • The next target for a coastal assault was the
    port city of Baltimore, in the Chesapeake Bay.
  • There, British vessels bombarded Fort McHenry,
    but the fort was able to withstand the attack.
    This attack was a setback for the British.
  • The holding of Fort McHenry became the basis for
    the song The Star-Spangled Banner.

35
New Orleans
The British then assembled about 7,500 troops to
strike at New Orleans.
36
New Orleans
  • General Andrew Jackson , a ruthless
    Indian-fighter and commander on the frontier
    militia, led the American forces that included
    both whites and free African Americans.
  • The U.S. troops prepared New Orleans by building
    embankments of earth, fortified by cannons.

Gen. Andrew Jackson
37
New Orleans (cont.)
  • When the invasion finally came in 1815, the
    well-protected U.S. sharpshooters and artillery
    easily won the Battle of New Orleans.
  • Few Americans died, but British causalities
    topped 2,000.
  • Jacksons use of African Americans initially
    scared white troops, but their heroism was noted
    by Jackson who said those troops surpassed
    his hopes.

38
The Treaty of Ghent
  • Tragically, the Battle of New Orleans occurred
    after a peace negotiation that had produced the
    Treaty of Ghent which was signed on Christmas
    Eve, 1814.

39
Treaty of Ghent
  • Because news of victory at New Orleans came at
    the same time of the peace accord, many Americans
    assumed the victory had caused the treaty.
  • General Andrew Jackson did nothing to correct
    this view, and later used his fame as a war hero
    to win political power (and become President).

40
Treaty of Ghent
  • Neither side gained much from the treaty.
  • By the terms of the treaty, prisoners of war were
    exchanged, and territorial boundaries that
    existed before were restored.
  • Regardless, the war was a turning point for the
    U.S., as it consolidated control over the
    Northwest Territory through the defeat of the
    Native Americans and the removal of any remaining
    British allies.

41
Treaty of Ghent
  • The Treaty of Ghent did have one long term
    benefit, however.
  • The treaty resulted in peace between Great
    Britain and the United States, which marked the
    beginning of a long partnership between the two
    nations that would continue to exist for decades.

42
Domestic Issues
  • The war, however, heavily divided the nation
    along sectional lines.
  • New England Federalists, who opposed the war,
    called a convention in Hartford Connecticut to
    actually secede from the Union and weaken the
    South.
  • These Federalists wanted to negotiate a separate
    peace treaty with Britain.

43
Hartford Convention
  • While the move towards secession failed, the
    Federalists were able to push for a
    constitutional amendment to weaken the southern
    states and Congress.
  • However, the Federalists faced a problem with the
    Convention
  • It was done after the Treaty of Ghent, but before
    the victory at New Orleans.

44
Hartford Convention
  • Federalist delegates were unaware of the peace
    treaty or victory.
  • When they arrived to deliver their proposal to
    weaken congress, the news of their convention was
    weighed against both the already existing peace
    treaty and the victory at New Orleans.

A political cartoon making fun of the Hartford
Convention the three men in the top left
represent Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode
Island and look whose arms theyre planning on
jumping into.
45
Fall of the Federalist Party
  • The Hartford Convention spelled the end for the
    Federalist Party.
  • In the wake of U.S. victory at New Orleans (and a
    successful treaty), the convention appeared
    treasonous.
  • The party was never able to recover from the
    charge of disloyalty and collapsed a few years
    after the War of 1812.

46
Review Objectives
  • Identify the occurrences overseas that lead up to
    conflicts in North America
  • Discuss issues regarding the succession of James
    Madison as president
  • Discuss and map out the War of 1812 while
    focusing on two main phases of the war
  • Identify the effects of the Treaty of Ghent and
    the Hartford Convention

47
Questions
  • If you have any questions, please ask now.

48
Next Lesson
  • In the next lesson, we are going to discuss the
    rise of Nationalism in the United States.

49
Reading Review
  • Please read the American perspective on the War
    of 1812 and answer the questions in the text.
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com