The Bantu refer to over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, united by a common language family, the Bantu languages, and in many cases common customs.

1
Bantu Migration(2,000 years ago)

• The Bantu refer to over 400 different ethnic
  groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa,
  united by a common language family, the Bantu
  languages, and in many cases common customs.
• About 2,000 years ago, small groups of Bantu
  speakers began spreading south and east.
• They shared their skills with people they met on
  their journey, adapted their methods to suit
  their new environment, and learned new ways.
• Moving eastward toward the savannas they adapted
  their skills for herding goats and sheep to
  raising cattle.
• Passing through what is now Kenya and Tanzania,
  they learned to cultivate new crops.
• This expanded their food supply
• They followed the Congo river through the rain
  forests, there they farmed the riverbanks.
• 1,500 years Bantu speakers reached the southern
  tip of
• Africa
• They believe the Bantu migrated because their was
  an
• explosion of food supply, which increased
  the population.
• With this increase, their was a need for
  food and land, so
• people went to search these out resulting
  in the migration.

2

• Charlemagne
• During the 800s, Charlemagne, a Frankish king,
  built an empire (modern-day France, Germany, and
  part of Italy)
• Cooperation with the Church
• Charlemagne helped Pope Leo III defeat rebellious
  Roman nobles.
• In return, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne
  Emperor of the Romans
• Charlemagne wanted a united Christian Europe and
  helped spread Christianity
• Government
• Appointed nobles to rule local areas (He gave
  them land, they help defend the empire)
• Sent off officials called missi Domenici to check
  on conditions throughout the empire
• Learning
• Encouraged learning
• Set up school to educate government officials and
  established libraries where scholars copied
  ancient texts.
• End of Charlemagnes Reign
• Died in 1814- empire fell apart as heirs battled
  for control
• 843- Charlemagnes grandsons signed Treaty of
  Verdun- divided Charlemagnes empire into 3
  separate kingdoms (one for each grandson).
• Charlemagnes strong government was a model for
  future medieval rulers

3

• Feudalism
• A system of government in which local lords
  control their own lands but owe military service
  and support to a greater lord.
• The land was divided into estates.
• The lesser lords were called vassals.
• Local lords owned serfs who would work the land
• The serfs were able to live on the land in
  manors.

4

• Manorialism
• Self-Sufficiency
• Manors were the basic economic arrangement during
  the Middle Ages
• The lord provided serfs with protection, housing,
  and strips of farmland
• The serfs worked for the lord and maintained the
  estate
• Peasants rarely traveled from their manor
• Nearly everything they needed was produced
  crops, fuel, cloth, lumber, and leather goods
• The manor contained a church, mill, blacksmith,
  water, fields, anything that was needed
• Troubles of Manor Life
• Serfs had to pay taxes for grain, marriage, and
  10 of their income as a tithe, or church tax
• Serfs lived in crowded cottages, with dirt floors
  and straw beds
• The peasants believed that God determined their
  place in society

5

• Gothic
• A style of church architecture that developed in
  medieval Europe, featuring ribbed vaults,
  stained-glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed
  arches, and tall spires.
• Developed in the 1100s, replacing the old
  Romanesque style of churches.
• Gothic cathedrals, unlike the grave and ominous
  Romanesque buildings, stood very tall, as if
  reaching toward heaven.
• Cathedrals started off in Germany and quickly
  spread throughout medieval Europe.
• Soon, they were found in Paris, Chartres, Reims,
  Amiens, and Beauvais.
• Nearly 500 Gothic cathedrals were built between
  1170 and 1270.
• Other forms of art centered around the Gothic
  style, such as sculpture, woodcarvings, and
  stained-glass windows.

6

• Cultural Exchanges The Crusades
• Crusades
• During the Middle Ages, Europeans had only one
  significant unifying aspect of life.  The
  Catholic Church permeated every aspect of
  society. 
• For about 200 years, Western Europe under the
  sway of the Catholic church attempted to retake
  the Holy Land away from the Muslims.  The largest
  target was the holy city of Jerusalem, however,
  other areas were fought over, such as the city of
  Constantinople.
• Although the crusades were considered there were
  some positive effects. Europeans began to gain an
  expanded view of the world. Trade increased
  drastically. Crusaders brought home new fabrics,
  spices, and perfumes.

7

• Saladin
• Respected Muslim Leader
• Saladin united the Muslim world in the late
  1100s.
• He was respected by both Christians and Muslims.
• Saladin went to Jerusalem and the Christians had
  their mind set on stopping him.
• Taking of Jerusalem
• There was no Christian victory when they went to
  stop Saladin.
• Crusaders in Jerusalem surrendered, but Saladin
  would not let his soldiers kill or harm them the
  Crusaders or the people.
• Richard the Lion-Hearted
• King of England in 1189.
• He wanted to take Jerusalem from Saladin.
• Richard won a lot of victories during the Third
  Crusade.
• Richards forces were unable to capture the city.

8

• Impact of the Crusades
• Increased Trade
• Before the crusades trade with the Byzantine
  empire sparked interest in goods form the east
• Crusaders returning from Europe brought home new
  fabrics, spices, and perfume
• Ships used to carry crusaders now became trade
  ships
• Both Eastern and Western economies benefited from
  trade
• Encouragement of Learning
• As Europeans were exposed to the Byzantine and
  Muslim culture they began to take interest in
  learning
• They were exposed to advances in math, science,
  literature, art, and geographic knowledge
• Changes in the Church
• The Crusades increased the power of the pope for
  a short time
• Problems between Eastern and Western Churches
  grew after the crusaders attack on
  Constantinople
• Changes in the Feudal System
• Crusades increased the power of Monarchs
• Feudalism was weakening
• Serfs had been to pay for land using food, but
  now Lords demanded payment in the form of money
  to finance the crusades
• An economy based on money, not land, took over

9

• Feudal JapanSamurai
• Rival lords in Japan surrounded themselves with
  body guards called Samurai.
• They lived according the demanding code, Bushido.
• They were expected to show reckless courage,
  reverence for the gods, fairness, and generosity
  toward those who are weaker than themselves.
• Dying an honorable death was more important than
  living a long life. Kamakura Shogun
• The shogun had the power of a military dictator
  over Officials, judges, taxes, armies, roads-
  all were under his authority.
• Although tradition was the Emperor still reigned,
  even though the Shogun had the real power.
• The emperor became more of a puppet head than a
  political influence.
• The Kamakura Shoguns were strong enough to turn
  back the two naval invasions by the Mongols.
• Although this drained the Shoguns treasury and
  loyal samurais werent getting paid.
• Samurais became attached more closely to their
  local lords and soon local lords were fighting
  each other as fiercely as they fought the
  Mongols.

10

• Shinto
• What is Shinto?
• It was a Japanese religion in which each clan in
  Japan worshipped their own Nature Gods and
  Goddesses.
• It was varied because of different customs and
  beliefs
• Shinto meant way of the Gods
• It had no rituals or philosophy, but instead
  based on respect for the forces of nature.
• Worshipers believed in kami or divine spirits in
  nature.
• An abnormal tree, rock, waterfall, mountain could
  be home to kami

11

• Tokugawa Shogun
• Tokugawa Ieyasu
• United Japan in 1600
• Held landowners (Daimyo) families hostage in the
  capital of Edo to ensure obedience
• Founded the Tokugawa Shogunate, which continued
  until 1867
• Society under the Tokugawa Shogun
• Japan enjoyed over 200 years under the new Shogun
• Merchant class and rich prospered
• Rich and poor benefited from a growing Japanese
  culture

12

• Tokugawa Isolation
• European traders first arrived in Japan in the
  1500s.
• In 1600s Tokugawa shoguns had gained control of
  Japan.
• They brought stability but also banned almost
  all contact with the outside world.
• They also limited trade.

13

• Rise of Mongols
• Who and where?
• In the 1200s, a ferocious group of horsemen from
  central Asia fought their way into Russia. These
  nomads were Mongols.
• They exploded onto the scene under the leadership
  of Genghis Khan, one of the most feared military
  leaders of all time.
• When Genghis Khan died in 1227 his successors
  continued the conquering that he had begun.
• Mongols In Russia
• Under Mongol rule the Russians could follow all
  their usual customs as long as the made no sign
  of rebellion. The Mongols tolerated all the
  religions in their realms, and the Church acted
  as a mediator between the people and the Mongols.
  
• The Mongols demanded two things from the
  Russians Extreme Obedience, and massive amounts
  of tribute.
• Mongol Rule Serves Russian Interests
• The Mongol rule in some ways helped unite Russia.
  They viewed Russia as their unified Empire. The
  rise of the city of Moscow also began under
  Mongol rule.

14

• Genghis Khan
• In the middle 1200s, a ferocious group of
  horsemen from central Asia slashed their way into
  Russia.
• These nomads were the Mongols.
• They had exploded onto the world scene at the
  beginning of the 1200s under Genghis Khan.
• He was one of the most feared warriors of all
  time.
• When Genghis Khan died in 1227, his successors
  continued the conquering that he had begun.
• At the fullest extent, the Mongol Empire
  stretched from the Yellow Sea to the Baltic Sea
  and from the Himalayas to northern Russia.
• After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongolian
  Empire slowly began to fall apart.

15

• Golden Horde
• During the time of Genghis Khan the Mongols
  invaded Eastern Europe
• After his time they attacked Russia, Hungary, and
  Poland
• His grandson, Batu, led Mongol armies into Russia
  and other lands of Eastern Europe between 1236
  and 1241
• This group was known as the Golden Horde because
  of the color of there tents
• They conquered many Russian cities
• They ruled from a capital on the Volga River for
  240 years
• The Golden Horde were fierce warriors but
  relatively tolerant rulers

16

• Mongol Dynasty
• Kublai Khan-
• Khan was another grandson of Genghis Khan,
  completed the job of conquering China. He did so
  by dominating the south, he did not only rule
  China, but also Korea, Tibet, and some of
  Vietnam.
• Yuan dynasty-
• Kublai Khan adopted the Chinese name of the Yuan
  dynasty for his dynasty because he did not want
  the Mongols to become involved with Chinese
  civilization.
• However, Khan gave his best government jobs to
  Mongol workers and only allowed Mongols to serve
  in the army.
• But, Chinese officials still governed the
  provinces.

Kublai Khan
17
Mongol Impact

• Reached its greatest extent in 1300.
• Stretched into Russia, Europe, Asia, and China
• Destruction and Conquest
• Most of the leaders ruled with tolerance
• Genghis Khan allowed art and education in his
  conquered countries
• They ruled Russia for 250 years
• They cut it off from the rest of Europe

18

• Mongol Impact
• The Mongols were nomadic herders of central Asia.
  By 1300, they controlled much of Asia and eastern
  Europe.
• The Mongol influence led to increases in trade
  and cultural spread over Asia and Europe.
• In Russia, the Mongol idea of Absolutist
  government stuck after the Mongols left, but it
  also isolated Russia from Western Europe, leaving
  it behind in arts and science.
• Mongol rule promoted trade between Europe and
  Asia. The Mongols guaranteed safe passage along
  the Silk Road, which increased trade greatly.

19

• Expansion of Chinese Trade
• Trade in Chine bloomed in the Yuan dynasty in the
  1200s.
• The Silk Road helped transport goods to Asia
  Minor, Russia, and other lands. Marco Polo used
  the Silk Road.
• When the Ming dynasty took over China in 1368,
  economic prosperity came over the land and trade
  and cities expanded.
• China began overseas expansion and in 1404, Zheng
  He traveled to many different lands and promoted
  Chinese trade and culture.
• Chinese city, Canton, became a global center of
  trade and traders were sent there from all over
  the world.

20

• Bubonic Plague
• Approximately two thirds of the population in
  China were wiped out by a deadly disease called
  the bubonic plague, that also destroyed
  populations of Muslim towns in Southwest Asia and
  killed about one third of Europes population.
• It started in the 1300s.
• The Plague began in Asia.
• The disease became known as the Black Death.
• It got its name from the purplish or blackish
  spots that it produced on the skin.
• The disease was spread by black rats that carried
  fleas from one area to another. These fleas were
  infested with a bacillus called Yersinia pestis,
  and because people did not bathe and because of
  unsanitary conditions the bubonic plague spread
  very quickly.
• Effects of the disease were high fever, chills,
  delirium, and in most cases death.

21

• The Effect Of The Bubonic Plague
• In 1347 approximately one third of Europeans
  population died of the deadly disease known as
  the bubonic plague.
• The bubonic plague was also known as the black
  death and began in Asia.
• The black death traveled the trade lines
  infecting Asia, the Muslim world and eventually
  Europe.
• It got its name by the black spots that produced
  on the persons skin infected.
• The plague killed almost 25 million Europeans and
  millions in Asia and North Africa.
• The economic effects of the plague were enormous.
  Town populations fell and so did trade.
• The church suffered a loss of prestige when its
  prayers and penances failed to stop the plague.
• The bubonic plague and its aftermath disrupted
  medieval society, hastening changes that were in
  the making.
• The society of the middle ages was collapsing.

22

• SILK ROAD
• The Han dynasty opened a trade route called the
  silk road that eventually linked china with lands
  as far west as Mesopotamia. Silk and other
  Chinese goods moved west, while products such
  as muslin, glass, and new foods came to china.
  The silk road stretched for 4000 miles. Few
  merchants traveled the entire distance. Most of
  the good that were traded were done at markets
  along the way

23

• Italian City-States
• 1300s Northern Italian cities were great places
  of industry and trade.
• City-states that became rich and powerful
  Venice, Genoa, and Florence.
• Venice took control of the spice trade with Asia
  due to its location.
• Venice took up a partnership with Egypt and both
  areas became prosperous.
• Trade from Italy went as far as Great Britain and
  the Baltic Sea.

24

• Renaissance
• 1300-1600
• A period of great change throughout Europe that
  involved advances in everything from art to
  technology.
• The concept of humanism was developed during the
  early stages of the renaissance, this way of
  thinking focused on the present and individual
  achievements.
• The artistic mentality of the renaissance was
  much like the art and sculpture of the golden
  ages of Rome and Greece. Architecture also
  returned to Greco-roman fashions.
• Artisans were supported by rich nobles, princes
  and popes.
• Some of the most famous artisans include
  Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci and Albrecht
  Durer.
• Writing also changed during the renaissance,
  common language began to be used. Machiavelli,
  Shakespeare, and Dante were three of the most
  famous for their literary works.
• The invention of the printing press made books
  more available to common people, literacy
  increased.
• The protestant reformation led by Martin Luther
  and John Calvin sought to make changes in the
  church, the result was two churches, Catholic and
  protestant.

25

• Humanism
• During the Renaissance, Europeans developed a new
  way of thinking called humanism.
• A Renaissance intellectual movement at the heart
  of the Renaissance that focused on worldly
  subjects that the ancient Greeks and Romans had
  studied, rather that religious ones. They hoped
  to use ancient learning to increase knowledge
  about their own times.
• Humanists influenced artists an architects to
  carry on classical traditions.
• Philosophers and writers had wondered about life
  after death during the middle ages. Renaissance
  humanists, on the other hand, were more curious
  about life in the present.

26

• Machiavelli
• What he did?
• Machiavelli was the a writer , One of his master
  pieces was The Prince in 1513.
• Machiavelli said that most rules can gain power
  and keep it in spit of there enemies.
• In the book The Prince, Machiavelli was not
  concerned with what was morally right, but with
  what was politically effective.
• He was also a states man and a political
  philosopher

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28

• 95 Thesis
• WHO Written by Martin Luther
• WHAT Martin Luther posted a list of 95 Theses,
  or formal statements, that he wrote on the door
  of a castle church in Wittenberg,
• WHERE Posted them on the door of the castle
  church in Wittenberg, became known all over
  Germany
• WHEN October 31, 1517
• WHY he did those because he did not agree with
  how a friar named John Tetzel was raising money
  to rebuild a church in Rome. Tetzel was selling
  indulgences to people who have sinned, which
  would release them from performing the penalty.

29

• Mansa Musa
• He was an African American ruler
• He may have been the grandnephew of Malis first
  leader, Sandiata
• Musa was a skilled military leader and exorcised
  royal control
• He was a devout Muslim, he went on a hajj to
  Mecca from 1324 to 1325
• Controlled and ruled a vast empire in Africa

30

• Songhai
• The Songhai was a West African empire that
  conquered Mali and controlled trade from the
  1400s to 1591.
• They built up an army and extended their
  territory to the Niger River near Gao, and gained
  control of all the important trade routes.
• Until the late 1500s, civil war broke out.
  Invaders from the north defeated the forces of
  Songhai, and caused downfall of the kingdom.

31
The First Global Age
32

• Rise Of The Ottoman Empire
• The Ottoman Empire began in the 11th century
• There were Ottoman Turks, and after the 13th
  century there was a new group of people called
  the Ottoman Empire lead by Osman I.
• When people were captured by the Ottoman Empire
  they were used for military purposes instead of
  killing them.
• During the 16th century, the Ottomans gained
  control of Egypt and Syria, then also Iraq,
  Hungry, and Albania, which led to the beginning
  of a naval force in the Mediterranean Sea.
• The Ottoman Empire turned into a great power of
  Europe.

33

• Suleimans Golden Age
• First Came to the throne of the Ottoman Empire in
  1520 and ruled for 46 years
• Known by his own people as Suleiman the Lawgiver
  and in the west as Suleiman the Magnificent
• The Ottoman conquered all of the eastern
  Mediterranean under Suleimans rule.
• Suleiman became the most powerful monarch on
  earth
• He required a good form of government for his
  large empire and so he simplified the system of
  taxation and reduced the government bureaucracy
  in order to keep the peace and his people happy.
• In 1571 this golden age of Suleiman ended when
  his sons fleet was destroyed by Spain and Italy
  
  Suleimans Mosque

34

• Mercantilism
• Definition
• An economic policy under which nations sought to
  increase their wealth and power by obtaining
  large amounts of gold and silver and by selling
  more goods than they bought.
• Ideas of mercantilism
• The nations ultimate goal under mercantilism was
  to become self-sufficient, not dependent on other
  countries for goods.
• Two ways to increase the nations wealth,
  according to mercantilism, was to gain as much
  gold and silver as they could and establish a
  favorable balance of trade, in which it sold more
  goods than they bought.

35

• Reconquista
• This was a long effort to drive the Muslims out
  of Spain.
• The Muslims held a little kingdom.
• Spain attacked it and they started the crusades.
• The Spanish drove the Muslims out of Spain

36

• Middle Passage
• The Middle Passage was the voyage that brought
  captured Africans to be used as slaves to the
  west Indies
• Later they were brought to North and South
  American
• It was named the Middle Passage because it was in
  the middle leg of the transatlantic trade
  triangle.

37

• Hierarchy Triangle
• Latin America
• Latin American colonial society was separated
  into classes based on the origins and race of the
  people.
• All the titles of the groups of people made up
  hierarchy Triangle which determined the place in
  the community of the people.
• The Triangle
• At the top were the Penninsulares, men who were
  born in Spain. They were the only men who could
  run in office of the government. They made up
  0.1 of the population.
• Below the Penninsulares were the Creoles,
  Spaniards born in Latin America. They couldnt
  hold high-level in the political office. They had
  pretty much the same rights as the Penninsulares.
  They were about 22.8 of the population.
• Below the Creoles came the Mestizos, the people
  of European and Native American ancestry.
• At the bottom were the Mulattos, people of both
  African and European descent.

38
Absolutism
39

• Divine Right
• The power for the monarch to rule comes from God
  and that the king is an agent of God.
• Absolute monarchs used this power to justify
  their rule.
• Divine Right allowed the monarch to control all
  aspects of the government because the people
  believed that monarch was Gods agent on earth.

40

• Louis XIV(14)
• He was the 14th king of France.
• He was an absolute Monarch during the 17th
  century.
• Louis XIV was the only one to totally free
  himself from the Parliament, which controlled the
  King.
• Louis XIV coined the phrase L'état, c'est moi,
  which means I am the state.
• Louis XIV centralized the government and made all
  the laws for France
• Louis XIV put France into debt by spending money
  building the Palace of Versailles and fighting
  wars.

41

• Peter the Great
• Peter the Great was an absolute monarch in
  Russia, he was the czar from 1682 to 1725.
• He worked to centralize royal power
• Reduced the power of nobility and gained control
  of the Russian Orthodox Church.
• Peter wanted to modernize Russia. He traveled
  from Western European cities to study western
  technology and brought back the ideas to
  westernize Russia.
• Simplified Russian Alphabet, developed mining and
  textiles.
• Peter sometimes resorted to force and terror to
  achieve his goals.
• Created the largest army in Europe in the late
  1600s and used it to expand Russian territory.

42

• Westernization under Peter
• Peter wanted a modernized Russia, went to Western
  Europe to study technology, brought back ideas,
  simplified the Russian alphabet, developed mining
  and textiles, capital at St. Petersburg served as
  symbol of new Russia, used force and terror to
  gain goal

43

• Catherine The Great
• Catherine the Great was also known as Catherine
  II and ruled Russia from 1762-1796.
• She was well-educated and read the works of
  philosophers.
• She ruled with absolute power, but took steps to
  modernize Russia.
• In 1767 she proposed that the laws be reformed to
  follow Montesquieu and Beccaria.
• She wanted to allow religious toleration and
  abolish torture and the death penalty, however
  these goals were not accomplished.
• She granted limited reforms but did little to
  help the serfs, causing a revolt in 1773 which
  she had brutally put down.
• She wanted to end serfdom, but she needed the
  support of the Nobles so stay in power, so
  serfdom stayed.

44

• Magna Carta
• Great Charter
• A document guaranteeing basic political rights in
  England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King
  John in A.D. 1215.
• This charter was a form of revolt, rebelling
  against the unfair leadership of King John.
• John failed as a military leader. He was horrible
  to his subjects and tried to squeeze money out of
  them. To finance his wars, John raised taxes to
  an all-time high.
• The nobles wanted to guarantee certain basic
  political rights and limit the power of the king.
• Guaranteed rights included no taxation without
  representation, a jury trial, and the protection
  of the law.

45

• Petition of Rights(1628)
• King Charles I had to call Parliament to ask for
  money
• They refused to give him any until he signed the
  Petition of Rights
• In the Petition the king agreed to
• Not imprison subjects without due cause
• Not levy taxes without Parliaments consent
• Not house soldiers in private homes
• Not impose martial law in peacetime
• The king agreed to the Petition but after he
  ignored it
• The petition was important because it set forth
  the idea that the law was higher even then the
  king.

46

• English Civil War
• Charles I offended the puritans by upholding
  church rituals and a former prayer book
• Charles tried to force the Presbyterian Scots to
  accept a version of the Anglican prayer book
• Lead to a conflict between the supporters of
  parliament and the supporters of English monarchy
  from 1642-1649

47

• Oliver Cromwell
• Was a skilled military leader who overthrew the
  British king.
• King Charles I was put in prison and put on
  trial. He was sentenced to death by way of
  beheading. He was the first king to be executed
  by his own subjects.
• After the kings execution Parliaments House of
  commons abolished the monarchy, the House of
  Lords, and the official Church of England.
  England became a Commonwealth.
• Charles II the heir to the throne revolted
  against Cromwell and attacked England from
  Ireland and Scotland. Cromwell sent troops into
  Ireland and Scotland to crush the uprising.
• Cromwell took the title of Lord Protector. At
  the time of his death in 1658 many people were
  tired of Puritan rule.

48

• The Restoration
• During the year of 1660, Parliament asked Charles
  II to become the King of England.
• When Parliament asked Charles II to become King
  it marked the restoration of the Stuart monarchy.
• In 1685 James II, who was Charles brother
  inherited the throne in England.
• James II who was currently King in England, was
  unpopular to the people because of his
  Catholicism and his Absolutist policies.

49

• The Glorious Revolution (1688)
• Parliament feared Catholic dominance
• Mary and William (Dutch) take English throne.
• Both protestant.
• When they arrived, James II fled.
• Bloodless overthrow of power.

50

• English Bill of Rights
• The bill was drafted in 1689.
• England had become a constitutional monarchy
  meaning there were laws that limited the rulers
  power.
• The English Bill of Rights listed the things the
  leader could not do.
• There were four laws- 2 dealt with not
  interfering with Parliament speech or laws and 2
  dealt with not taxing the citizens without the
  consent of Parliament and letting the citizens
  petition.

51

• Limited monarchy (1660)
• Started after the restoration
• Passing of habeas corpus act
• Parliament passed the bill of rights in 1689
• No monarch could rule without parliaments consent
• Also called a constitutional monarchy

52

• Scientific Revolution
• Period of time in which a new way of thinking
  came about. The beliefs held by many for so long
  were now being questioned.
• Use logic and reason to solve the problems of the
  world (Secular not church thought)
• New ideas about the solar system such as
  Copernicus Heliocentric theory and inventions
  like Galileos telescope allowed scientists to
  learn more about the universe.
• Also, many new medical discoveries were made.
  Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a microscope and first
  saw red blood cells.

53

• THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• 1500s when people started to challenge the old
  ideas about the world
• The Scientific Method approach to science using
  experimentation and observation
• Copernicus Heliocentric (theory that the world
  revolves around the sun)
• Galileo helped proved Heliocentric theory
• Isaac Newton Newtons Laws of Physics
• Brought upon Enlightenment!
• Copernicus Heliocentric Theory

54

• Secular
• Secular teachings occurred during the Renaissance
  in Italy
• Secular teachings were more concerned with
  worldly matters rather than spiritual
• Secular teachings went against the church
• Some church leaders though became more worldly
  rather then sticking with the church
• They began to live in mansions, lavish banquets,
  and wore expensive clothing

55

• Geocentric Theory
• The belief that the earth was the center of the
  universe and everything else revolved around it.

56

• Heliocentric (mid- 1500s)
• Nicholas Copernicus was a Polish scholar who
  challenged the common belief that the Earth was
  the center of the universe.
• Copernicus suggested that the universe actually
  revolved around the Sun.
• This theory was called heliocentric.
• At the time most scholars rejected Copernicuss
  theory.

57

• Copernicus-1500s
• Developed the Heliocentric or sun-centered theory
• Theory stated that the sun is the center of the
  universe and that everything revolves around it
• It took Copernicus 25 years of studies to come up
  with this theory
• He wrote a book on his findings but feared
  persecution. He therefore didnt publish it until
  1543. He received a copy of his book on his death
  bed.

58

• Galileo
• Galileo Galilei was a young Italian scholar, who
  discovered the law of the pendulum and proved
  Aristotles idea to be wrong, by watching a
  chandelier swing on its chain, and timing it with
  his on pulse and discovered that each swing of
  the pendulum took the exact same amount of time.
• In another study, Galileo found that falling
  objects accelerate at a fixed and predictable
  rate. He again proved Aristotles findings to be
  wrong. Aristotle had stated that heavier objects
  fall faster than lighter ones. From the Tower of
  Pisa, Galileo dropped items of different weights,
  and calculated how fast each one fell. Contrary
  to Aristotles belief, the objects fell at the
  same speed.
• Galileo had found out that a Dutch lens marker
  had built an instrument that would allow the
  looker to enlarge far-off objects. Galileo had
  not even seen this device, yet he was able to
  build his own, and with a few adjustments he was
  able to use his version of the telescope to study
  the stars.
• In 1610, Galileo had a series of newsletters
  published called the Starry Messenger, which
  described his astronomical discoveries. He
  described his findings on the planets, the
  constellations, etc.
• Galileos findings led to major conflict with the
  Church, since his findings proved the Church
  wrong. The Church did not want its followers to
  believe Galileo, because if they had known that
  they were wrong about the Solar System, they
  might be wrong about religion too.

59

• ISSAC NEWTON
• Born January 4, 1643 Died March 31, 1727
• At 25 years old he began revolutionary advances
  in math, physics, astronomy and optics.
• Sir Isaac Newton created the law of gravity and
  disproved Aristotles idea that every object
  attracts every other object
• In 1967 Isaac Newton published his book
  Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
• This book is one of the most important scientific
  books ever written.
• He discovered that most everything in the
  universe could be expressed mathematically

60

• Scientific Method (1600s)
• It is a logical procedure for gathering and
  testing ideas.
• It begins with a question or problem arising from
  an observation.
• Next you form a hypothesis
• Then test the hypothesis by doing experiments and
  collecting data
• Lastly, analyze and interpret data to reach a
  conclusion, that conclusion either proves or
  disproves your hypothesis
• The work of two important thinkers helped to
  advance the new approach
• Francis Bacon
• An English politician and writer
• He criticized the way both Aristotle and medieval
  scholars arrived at their conclusions
• He felt that they should experiment first and
  gather information, and than use that information
  to draw their conclusions (this is called the
  experimental method)
• Rene Descartes
• Developed analytical geometry, which linked
  algebra and geometry
• Like Bacon he believed scientists needed to
  reject old assumptions, but by using mathematics
  and logic
• Everything should be doubted until proved by
  reason
• I think, therefore I am