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The Crusades

• Preview
• Starting Points Map Europe,1095
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Launching the Crusades
• Fighting the Crusades
• Map The Crusades
• Effects of the Crusades
• Quick Facts Causes and Effects of the Crusades

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The Crusades
Main Idea The Crusades, a series of attempts to
gain Christian control of the Holy Land, had a
profound economic, political, and social impact
on the societies involved.

• Reading Focus
• Why did the Europeans launch the Crusades?
• What happened during the Crusades?
• What were the effects of the Crusades?

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Launching the Crusades
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The Council of Clermont

• Pope Urban II called church leaders to council in
  Clermont, France
• Described dangers faced by Byzantines
• Called on Christian warriors to put aside
  differences, fight against Turks
• Effective call to arms
• Hundreds of knights, nobles volunteered for
  Crusade
• Set out to meet foes with slogan God wills it!

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Sequence What events led to the call for a
Crusade?
Answer(s) Seljuk Turks conquered Holy Land,
threatened Byzantines Byzantine emperor called
on pope for assistance
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Fighting the Crusades
Crusaders left France in 1096 in First Crusade.
In all, nine Crusades set out between 1096 and
1291 to claim or protect the Holy Land.
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• Second Crusade
• Muslims began retaking lands lost in First
  Crusade
• Took city of Edessa, capital of one Crusader
  state, 1144
• European leaders called for Second Crusade,
  launched in 1147
• Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from
  Muslims

• Third Crusade
• New leader arose in Muslim world, 1177
• Salah ad-Din, known to Europeans as Saladin
• Overthrew Fatimids, took title of sultan
• Set out to take back Crusader states, succeeded,
  drove European Christians out of Jerusalem

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Third Crusade

• Three Kings
• Richard, Philip, Frederick set out from Europe on
  Third Crusade
• Frederick was killed, Philip quarreled with
  Richard, returned home
• Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England
  fought in Holy Land

• Mutual Respect
• Richard, Saladin admired each other as military
  leaders, gentlemen
• Made proposals for peace, including marriage
  alliance of Richards sister, Saladins brother
  never took place because of religious differences

• Fierce Fighting
• Richard, Saladin fought fiercely for control of
  Holy Land
• Richard won several battles, not able to drive
  Muslims out of Holy Land
• Richard could not take Jerusalem, had to return
  to England

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Fourth and Later Crusades

• Fourth Crusade, 1201
• Jerusalem still in Muslim hands
• Crusaders could not pay Venetians to take them to
  Holy Land
• In lieu of payment, Crusaders agreed to attack
  Zara

• Zara
• Zara once belonged to Venice, now held by
  Christian king of Hungary
• Pope angered that Christian city attacked,
  excommunicated all

• Constantinople
• Crusaders pushed on
• Attacked Christian city of Constantinople
• Ransacked city, made one leader new emperor

• More Failures
• Disorganization, lack of leadership made Fourth
  Crusade failure
• Five other Crusades followed, none successful

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Find the Main Idea What was the goal of the
Crusades?
Answer(s) to take Jerusalem and the Holy Land
away from the Muslims who controlled it
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Effects of the Crusades

• Economic Changes
• Historic evidence of trade between Muslims,
  Byzantines, Europeans prior to Crusades
• Crusades enhanced existing trade
• Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices,
  textiles, to Europe
• Increase in trade added to changing European
  economy during Middle Ages

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Draw Conclusions Why did peoples attitudes
change after the Crusades?
Answer(s) Europeans became more intolerant and
saw Jews and Muslims as enemies Jews and Muslims
saw the Crusaders as enemies