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AP Unit 1

• Body Organization

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11 Organ Systems of the Body

• Integumentary System
• Includes The skin
• Function Protects deeper tissue, regulates body
  temperature, synthesizes Vitamin D

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11 Organ Systems of the Body

• Muscular System
• Includes Skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles,
  smooth muscles, and tendons
• Function contract to allow movement, maintains
  posture

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11 Organ Systems of the Body

• Skeletal System
• Includes Bone, Cartilage, Ligaments, Joints
• Function Supports body, Protects certain
  cavities, Stores minerals

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11 Organ Systems of the Body

• Digestive System
• Includes Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small and
  Large Intestine, Rectum, and Liver
• Function Breaks down food to deliver nutrients
  to the body cells undigested food leaves body as
  feces

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11 Organ Systems of the Body

• Respiratory System
• Includes Nasal Passages, Pharynx, Larynx,
  Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs
• Function Supplies blood with oxygen and removes
  carbon dioxide

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11 Organ Systems of the Body

• Cardiovascular System
• Includes Heart, Blood Vessels (Veins, Arteries,
  and Capillaries)
• Function Carries oxygen, carbon dioxide,
  nutrients, hormones, wastes, etc. through the
  body in blood

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11 Organ Systems of the Body

• Nervous System
• Includes Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, and Sensory
  Receptors
• Function detect and respond to internal
  external changes by activating appropriate
  muscles and glands

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11 Organ Systems of the Body

• Urinary System
• Includes Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra
• Function Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the
  body, maintains bodys water and salt balance,
  regulates pH of the blood

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11 Organ Systems of the Body

• Lymphatic System
• Includes Lymphatic vessels, Lymph Nodes, Spleen,
  Thymus, Tonsils
• Functions Picks up fluid leaked from blood
  vessels and returns it to blood, cleanses blood,
  house white blood cells (involved with immunity)

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11 Organ Systems of the Body

• Endocrine System
• Includes Glands - including pineal, pituitary,
  thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, testis
  (males), and ovaries (females)
• Function secretion of hormones that regulate
  body activities (growth, reproduction, and
  metabolism)

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11 Organ Systems of the Body

• Reproductive System
• Males
• Includes testes, scrotum, penis, glands, duct
  system
• Function Produces sperm and carries to the
  outside of the body

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11 Organ Systems of the Body

• Reproductive System, cont
• Females
• Includes uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes,
  vagina
• Function Produces eggs, serves as locations for
  fertilization and development of the fetus

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Levels of Organization

• From smallest unit to largest unit
• Chemical Level atoms and compounds
• Cells smallest unit of all living things
• Tissues similar cells with common function
• There are 4 types of tissue Epithelial,
  Connective, Muscle, and Nervous
• Organ composed of two or more tissue types
• Organ System organs that cooperate to accomplish
  a common goal
• Organism highest level of organization

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Homeostasis

• The bodys ability to maintain relatively stable
  internal conditions needed for life
• homeo- is unchanging, -stasis is standing
  still
• This is another goal that your organ systems work
  together to achieve

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Homeostasis

• With homeostasis, your body isnt really
  standing still, but its trying to!
• Its like a tight-rope walker you want to stay
  on the wire, but sometimes other forces affect
  you (the wind, a slippery rope, noises, etc.)
• You must react to overcome the forces and
  re-balance yourself over the wire.
• Homeostasis works the same way
• It attempts to keep an internal balance within
  your body.

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Homeostasis

• Communication/coordination within the body is
  achieved mainly by the Nervous and Endocrine
  Systems, but many of the systems participate in
  some extent
• A response is triggered by some change in the norm

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Homeostasis

• Most control mechanisms are Negative Feedback
  Systems inhibit a change
• Examples include body temperature, heart rate,
  blood pressure, breathing rate, and blood levels
  of gases nutrients

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Homeostasis
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Homeostasis

• Positive Feedback Systems are rare because they
  actually try to push your body out of the normal
  balance to react to an event that has occurred
• Examples include

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Homeostasis

• Birth
• Oxytocin (causes contractions) is released due to
  pressure on the cervix
• Ends when the fetus is expelled
• Bleeding
• clotting yields more clotting, which is
  eventually stopped by stopped blood flow

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Homeostasis
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Language of Anatomy

• Terms with precise meanings are used to help
  medical and healthcare professionals communicate
  effectively with one another about the human
  body.
• You are responsible for the following terms and
  being able to apply them!

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Language of Anatomy

• Anatomical Position
• Feet parallel
• Arms hanging at sides
• Palms facing forward
• Thumbs pointing away from body
• Dont forget his left is on your right-hand
  side!!!

RIGHT
LEFT
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Body Position

• Supine
• Laying Face-up

• Prone
• Laying Face-Down

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Directional Terms

• Superior (Cranial)
• Toward the head
• Above

• Inferior (Caudal)
• Away from the Head
• Below

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Directional Terms

• Anterior (Ventral)
• Toward the front of the body
• In front of

• Posterior (Dorsal)
• Toward the back of the body
• Behind

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Directional Terms

• Medial
• Toward midline
• Inner side

• Lateral
• Away from midline
• Outer Side

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Directional Terms

• Intermediate
• Between a medial and lateral structure

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Directional Terms

• Proximal
• Closer to the attachment point of a limb to the
  body trunk

• Distal
• Farther from the attachment point of a limb to
  the body trunk

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Directional Terms
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Directional Terms

• Superficial
• Towards the body surface

• Deep
• Away from the body surface
• More internal

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Directional Terms

• Ipsilateral
• On the same side of the body

• Contralateral
• On opposite sides of the body

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Planes of the Body

• Median (Midsagittal) Plane divides into equal
  right and left sections
• Frontal (Coronal) Plane divides into anterior
  and posterior parts
• Transverse Plane divides into superior and
  inferior parts

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Body Cavities

• What kinds of organs might be found in the Dorsal
  Cavity?
• What kinds of organs might be found in the
  Ventral Cavity?
• Which of these organs would be specific to the
  Thoracic Cavity?
• To the Abdominopelvic Cavity?

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Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Why would this cavity be vulnerable to damage?
• Because it is so large, it is helpful to break up
  this cavity into smaller sections for study
• One system used by medical personnel uses
  quadrants

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Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Another system used by anatomists, divides it
  into 9 regions
• epi is upon, gastric is stomach
• hypo is below
• Iliac is the superior part of hip bone
• lumbus is loin
• chondro is cartilage

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