Objective:%20You%20will%20be%20able%20to%20describe%20the%20structure%20and%20function%20of%20carbohydrates

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Objective You will be able to describe the
structure and function of carbohydrates

• Do Now
• Read Macromolecules on p. 45
• Differentiate between monomers and polymers

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Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of
polymers
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Inorganic versus Organic compounds
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An Element in the Periodic Table
Section 2-1
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1
H
C

Carbon
Hydrogen
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Types of Organic Compounds

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates

• Functions
• Readily available source of energy
• Energy storage
• Strong building materials

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Structure

• Consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Hydrogen and oxygen are always in a 21 ratio
• Can have a linear or a ring structure

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Figure 2-13 A Starch
Section 2-3
Starch
Glucose
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Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis
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Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides
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Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide
exoskeleton and surgical thread
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Benedicts tests for Monosaccharides like Glucose
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Iodine tests for Polysaccharides like starch
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Objective You will be able to describe the
structure and function of lipids.

• Do Now
• Read Lipids pages 46 and 47
• Give the functions of lipids

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Lipids have several functions

• Long term energy storage
• Make up cell membranes
• Work as steroids

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Structure of Lipids

• Consists of one glycerol and three fatty acids
• Fatty acids are long chains of carbon and
  hydrogen
• Greater than 21 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

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Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a
fat, or triacylglycerol
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Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and
unsaturated fats and fatty acids 
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Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid    
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Objective You will be able to describe the
structure and function of proteins.

• Do Now
• Read Proteins on pages 47 and 48
• Give ALL of the functions of proteins

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Protein Functions

• Enzymes
• Hormones
• Makes up muscle tissue
• Transport materials

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Protein Structure

• Made up of amino acids
• Proteins have 1000s of amino acids joined
  together
• But there are only 20 different amino acids
• The order you place them determine what protein
  you make

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Protein Structure cont

• Contain the elements
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

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An Amino Acid
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Building a protein from amino acids
OH
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Objective You will be able to describe the
structure and function of nucleic acids.

• Do Now
• Read Nucleic Acids on page 47
• Give the function of nucleic acids

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Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic Acids are contain genetic information
  that is passed on to the next generation.
• There are two types
• DNA
• RNA

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Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic Acids are made up of blocks called
  nucleotides
• Nucleotides have A
• Phosphate group
• Sugar
• Nitrogenous Base

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Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids
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Figure 16.3 The structure of a DNA stand
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Figure 16.5 The double helix
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Figure 16.6 Base pairing in DNA
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Objective You will be able to describe the
structure and function of enzymes.

• Do Now
• Read Enzyme Action on pages 52-53
• What do we call the area where the substrate fits?

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Enzymes

• Catalysts can speed up or slow down a reaction
• Organic catalysts are called enzymes.
• Why do we refer to enzymes as being organic?

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Enzymes

• Enzymes are a type of protein.
• What do we call the small units that we put
  together to make proteins?
• Where would you place enzymes on your concept
  map?
• An enzyme is usually used to make a chemical
  reaction go faster
• The enzyme does not get used up during the
  reaction so that it can be reused again and
  again.
• Why do you think it is an advantage of the cell
  to be able to reuse enzymes?

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Enzymes

• Enzymes work on molecules called substrates
• The substrate actually fits into a spot on the
  enzyme called the active site
• Each enzyme has a VERY specific shape to their
  active site
• Usually only one substrate can fit into the
  active site of a specific enzyme
• Why do you think that scientists refer to enzymes
  as being specific?

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• The catalytic cycle of an enzyme

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What can affect Enzymes doing their jobs?

• Temperature
• pH
• These two factors affect enzymes because they
  change its shape
• The substrate will not fit into the active site
  anymore