Absolutism Centralized government, bureaucracy, divine right EX: Hongwu, Tokugawa, Sultans, Mughal (Akbar), King Louis XIV, Osei Tutu (Asantehene)

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AbsolutismCentralized government, bureaucracy,
divine rightEX Hongwu, Tokugawa, Sultans,
Mughal (Akbar), King Louis XIV, Osei Tutu
(Asantehene)
Global Trade Truly global AmericasColumbian
ExchangeIndian, Atlantic, Pacific
OceansAtlantic Slave Trade Mercantilism
Rise of Europe Portugal and Spain led the
wayNorthern Europe looks outwardSearch for new
trade routes Gold, God, Glory Colonization of
Latin AmericaProtestant Reformation/Counter
Reformation
Cultural and Intellectual DevelopmentsRenaissance
Scientific RevolutionEnlightenmentHumanismExpl
orationNeo-ConfucianismSailing
technologyPrinting pressGunpowder
developmentsMining
The Big Picture 1450-1750
Coercive Labor Slavery Serfdom Mita System
Consumerism Sugar, Silver, Slaves
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Chinese Timeline
Do NowCreate a timeline on your handout of
major events in Chinese history

• 1. Kublai Khan, a Mongol, establishes the Yuan
  dynasty (1271 AD)
• 2. Shang dynasty established oracle bones used
  (1766 BC)
• 3. Han Dynasty adopts Confucianism (206 BC)
• 4. China Experiences a Golden Age Song Dynasty
  (907 AD)
• 5. China develops a feudal system during the Zhou
  dynasty (1122 BC)
• 6. The Qin dynasty adopts Legalism (221 BC)
• 7. The Ming dynasty restores Chinese rule in
  China (1368 AD)
• 8. Han Dynasty collapses (220 AD)
• 9. Tang Dynasty unites China (618 AD)

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Recovery and Repair
The New Ming Dynasty looked to its past to
enhance its future!
Zhu Yuanzhang

• Focus on strong Centralized Government
  Recovered Order
• Reintroduced Confucian Bureaucracy, Civil
  Service Exam
• Erased all signs of Mongol rule
• Abolished Chief Minister position Emperor
  had Absolute Power!

Reading What reforms did Hongwu make to root
out corruption?
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Major Events in Chinese History Timeline
1368 Ming Dynasty Restores Chinese Rule
221 BC Qin Dynasty adopts Legalism
907 Song Dynasty Golden Age
1766 BC Shang Dynasty established
220 AD Han Dynasty collapses
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618 AD Tang Dynasty unites China
1122 BC Feudalism under Zhou
206 BC Han Dynasty Adopts Confucianism
1271 Mongols Establish Yuan Dynasty
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Ming Dynasty China
1368-1644
Period 4 1450-1750

• Emperor Hongwu looked to past Confucianism to
  bring order

• Recovery and Repair

• Emperor Yongle rebuilt Great Wall and Grand
  Canal to continue power of the dynasty

• Rebuilding of a Dynasty

• Zheng He went on 7 voyages to gain respect and
  tribute for Ming China

• Reconnaissance for an Empire

• Focus on sea-based Indian Ocean trade rather than
  land-based Silk Road
• Creation of northern capital (Beijing) and
  Forbidden City
• Building of massive naval fleet and arrival of
  European merchants
• Arrival of Christianity by Jesuit missionaries

Major Changes

• Use of Confucianism and mandate of heaven,
  collection of tribute
• Threats from nomads in the north
• Role of Women as inferior (Confucianism)
• Merchants having low status land ownership
  status
• Global need for Chinese goods (Silk, porcelain,
  tea, sugar, etc)

Continuities
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Ming Dynasty China
1368-1644
Period 4 1450-1750

• Recovery and Repair

• Rebuilding of a Dynasty

• Reconnaissance for an Empire

The Reemergence of an Empire
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End of the Yuan Dynasty
Kublai Khan

• Black Death Plague devastated China 1340s
• Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty suffered defeats in
  Japan, Vietnam and Java.
• Kublai Khans successors were weak.
• Corruption, high taxes on peasants, forced
  labor, piracy and crime increased.
• Many groups emerged to challenge Mongol rule.

China had a total population of more than 120
million, but a 1393 census found only 65 million
Chinese surviving. Some of that missing
population was killed by famine and upheaval in
the transition from Yuan to Ming rule, but many
millions died of bubonic plague.
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Recovery and Repair
Rediscovered their Identity!

• Re-established Confucian Patriarchal social
  structure Neo-Confucianism

• Established Confucian schools and exams to
  select officials

• Block printing led to wider production of
  printed materials Novels

• Jesuit missionaries (Mateo Ricci) introduced
  European technology and beliefs.

Reading Describe the various roles of women in
Ming society.
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Recovery and Repair

• Focus on agricultural foundation Recovery of
  Population

• Repaired canals, reservoirs and irrigation
  system, planted trees Repaired Infrastructure

• Efficient tax collection. Hongwu ordered surveys
  and censuses to collect data
• Active traders in the Indian Ocean ports of
  Hangzhou, Guangzhou
• Major products were silk, cotton, fine porcelain
• Traded for silver with Europe and Japan
• Stressed internal trade
• Economic Recovery

Recovered sense of stability!
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Rebuilding of Dynasty
Emperor Yongle

• Protection of the Dynasty
• Rebuilt added to Great Wall
• Repaired the Grand Canal
• Wrote Yongle Encyclopedia a Confucian
  manuscript

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Rebuilding of Dynasty

• Established a new capital city, Beijing, and
  built magnificent Imperial residence known as the
  Forbidden City

• Government regulation of trade production of
  porcelain

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Reconnaissance and Building of an Empire

• 1405 - Emperor Yongle commissioned the building
  of an enormous fleet for aggressive maritime
  expeditions.
• Led by Zheng He, a Muslim Eunuch

Purpose

• Explore trade opportunities in Western Ocean
• Diplomacy
• Opened relations with 200 new societies
• Demonstrate strength, Power, Tribute System
• Collect tribute, gifts
• Rituals of submission

Admiral Zheng He
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Reconnaissance and Building of an Empire
Zheng He and the Treasure Fleet
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Zheng He and the Treasure Fleet
The flagship of the fleet was a nine-masted
vessel measuring 440 feet, carrying 1,000 men.
In comparison, Columbus St. Maria was
eighty-five feet.
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Tap into Indian Ocean Basin Trade
Reconnaissance and Building of an Empire
Land travel not reliable after fall of Mongols
.Calicut
Strait of Malacca
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End the Treasure Fleet Voyages?
Close Explain how the decision to destroy the
Treasure Fleet was a major turning point in
history!

• Politics Arguments for ending voyages
• A. Scholar-Gentry saw exploration as a
  _____________ project

Eunuch
B. Exploration was just one mans interest
(Emperor Yongle) not the push of an entire
civilization.
Costly
C. Trips were extremely ____________________.
Self-Sufficient
D. Some Chinese believed China was already
_______________ and there was no need for
exploration.
E. Suspicious of outside trade could cause
instability and undermine authority creates
problems, not opportunity.
F. Scholar-Gentry thought money and focus should
be on protecting the northern border from
_________ invasions.
Mongol
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End the Treasure Fleet Voyages?
II. Culture Arguments for ending voyages A.
Scholar-Gentry believed ________ was primary
form of wealth
land

• Farming was more noble than trading.
• 1. Merchants could not keep up a
  ________________
• 2. Merchants could not perform religious
  rituals for ancestors overseas
• 3. Merchants live off other peoples hard work
  parasites

Family Shrine
C. Scholars thought that inferiors should seek
superiors
Missionary
D. Neoconfucianism did not have _______________
impulse of Christianity or Islam.
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• Role of Women did not want women in market
  place
• 1. Strict role for women as homemakers
• 2. Practiced ______________ on elite women

Footbinding
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Fall of the Ming and Rise of the Qing
1644-1911
Period 4 1450-1750
After Zheng He died, the Treasure Fleets were
dismantled and banned from being used. Government
sponsored voyages ceased and all official records
of Zheng Hes travels were destroyed!
The Ming Dynasty discontinued the Treasure Ship
voyages mainly due to their Confucian ideals.
However, despite the short term financial and
military benefits, Chinas absence in world trade
would allow Western Europe to dominate the region
in the long term.
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Fall of the Ming and Rise of the Qing
1644-1911
Period 4 1450-1750
After Zheng He died, the Treasure Fleets were
dismantled and banned from being used. Government
sponsored voyages ceased and all official records
of Zheng Hes travels were destroyed!
Why do you think the Chinese isolated themselves
and discontinued the Treasure Fleet voyages?

• Beginning of Ming Isolation
• Ming heavily restricted foreign trade and travel
• Foreign merchants allowed to trade only at few
  ports, during certain times
• Sought to preserve Chinese traditions
• Policies impossible to enforce smugglers carried
  out brisk trade with foreign merchants

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Rise of the Qing
Defense efforts costly, Led to high taxes
Weak Rulers led to increased corruption
1644-1911
Famines, hardships led to Peasant Revolts
Qing hired Manchu warriors to put down peasant
revolts
By 1644, the Manchu swept into Beijing and
claimed the Mandate of Heaven Qing Dynasty!
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Document Interpretation
Dorgons Decree to the People of Peking (Beijing)
We now occupy the empire. On behalf of your
dynasty we took revenge upon the enemies of your
ruler-father. We burned our bridges behind us,
and we have pledged not to return until every
bandit is destroyed. In the counties, districts,
and locales that we pass through, all those who
are able to shave their heads and surrender,
opening their gates to welcome us, will be given
rank and reward, retaining their wealth and honor
for generations. But if there are those who
disobediently resist us when our great armies
arrive, then the stones themselves will be set
ablaze and all will be massacred.
How will Dorgon and the Manchus rule China?
Which words from the document support your
findings?
1644 Top Source The fall of the Imperial China.
New York The Free Press. 1975 81.
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The Qing Dynasty
Qing Government
As foreign invaders, the Manchus faced years of
resistance from Chinese subjects still loyal to
the Ming!

• Continued civil service exams and were generous
  patrons to the arts
• Lowered taxes and state labor demands.
• Repaired infrastructure roads, bridges, dikes,
  canals, irrigation works

• Qing bureaucracy and court ceremonies similar to
  Ming
• Continued Confucian rituals and allowed Ming
  officials to keep their positions

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A Chinese Empire?

• Expansion was seen as a defensive necessity
  against nomadic invaders
• Signed Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) that marked
  Chinese-Russian border

• Expanded the Empire to include Tibet, Mongolia,
  Taiwan and Manchuria
• Controlled Korea and Vietnam as Vassal tributary
  states.

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The Qing Dynasty
Lose your hair, or lose your head!

• Qing Society
• Manchus made up less than 2 of the population
  Manchus prohibited from marrying Chinese
• Men had to wear hair in traditional Manchu style
  called a queue form of submission
• Women remained confined to the household
  footbinding and female infanticide was common

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The Reign of Emperor Kangxi

• Created encyclopedia and a dictionary of history
  and thought
• Wanted to be benevolent Confucian ruler lowered
  taxes, expanded empire
• Tolerant of Christians and interested in foreign
  ideas and technology

1661-1722

• Strong and effective 61 year reign kept tensions
  low
• Kangxi was a significant Confucian scholar
• Patronized arts, opened Confucian schools and a
  national library

Could compare to Kublai Khan, Emperor Hongwu, and
King Louis XIV
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Ethnocentrism and Isolation leads to decline
Port city of Macao
1724 Emperor banned Christianity when the Pope
condemned Confucianism

• By 1750, Qing Dynasty was declining corruption,
  crime and banditry rising population
• Emperor Qianlong continued Ming policy of
  isolation, restricting foreign trade some
  merchants, compradors, became wealthy and
  influential
• Manchu saw Chinese civilization, products, as
  superior, expected foreigners to trade on Chinas
  terms

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The Qing Dynasty
Portrait of a scene from Famous Qing novel, The
Dream of the Red Chamber, mid 1700s

• Brought Stability to China peace and prosperity
• Expanded borders and dominated region

• Great rule of Kangxi led to golden age
• Continued policy of isolation and strict economic
  regulation

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What were the major features of Chinese
empire building in the early modern
era?

• Built vast territorial size and brought a number
• of non-Chinese people into the kingdom.
• driven largely by security concerns
• Conquered regions in central Eurasia were
  administered separately from the rest of China.
• Made active use of local notables.
• Did not seek to assimilate local people into
  Chinese culture and showed considerable respect
  for the Mongolian, Tibetan, and Muslim cultures
  of the region.