Title: Aquatic macrophytes can be considered good biological indicators of pollution because:
1M I S Macrophyte Index Scheme (Wegher e Turin,
1987)
- Aquatic macrophytes can be considered good
biological indicators of pollution because - they are sensitive to pesticides, to organic
pollution and to eutrophication - They are easy to identify
- They arent movable
- This index is based on the presence/absence of
some taxa belonging to different groups of
sensibility - We can define four groups ( A-B-C-D-) with a
gradient of decreasing sensibility -
2GROUP A
Ranunculs sp Callitriche hamulata
3RANUNCULUS SP
- Scientific name Ranunculus Sp.
- Common name Buttercup, Golden Button
- Family Ranuncolcee
- Characteristics A vigorous, herbaceous plant,
that grows in normal or marshy land and
spontaneously in Italy. Buttercups originally had
simple flowers with five petals but today there
are hybrids with semi-double or double flowers - Colour of flowers Buttercup flowers may be
yellow, white, orange, red or tobacco they are
characterized of brilliant tones and of a
particular shininess.
4RANUNCULUS SP
- Period of flowering This varies depending on the
species and the altitude. Some buttercups
announce spring, others flower in summer. - Reproduction The buttercup plant can be
reproduced by dividing the tuberous roots or by
sowing seeds but the latter way is extremely
difficult. - In Italy there are about fifty wild species of
buttercups, a plant with fleshy roots, known as
feet that are similar to tubers and leaves that
are different depending on the species, ranging
from divided or whole, linear or palmate shape.
Buttercups prefer open but sheltered places with
sunlight in the warmer hours of the day.
5CALLITRICHE spp
-
- Water-starworts are small, delicate plants
usually found in shallow water. All species are
loosely rooted to the bottom with narrow
underwater leaves and/or broadened floating
leaves arranged in pairs along thin stems.
Characteristics of water-starworts are quite
variable and depend on growing conditions. To be
sure of their identification to species, the
surfaces of mature fruit need to be examined
under 10-20x magnification.Â
6CALLITRICHE HAMULATA
- Scientific name CALLITRICHE HAMULATA
- Common name Intermediate Water-Starwort
- Description the stem is thin and it can grow
till 30-40 cm of length. Young leaves are
submersed, long and thin their colour is light
green. Meanwhile the plant grows up its leaves
become wider and oval. The leaves that can reach
the surface are round and form a kind of star
floating on the water surface.Flowers are small,
green, without petals they flower between April
and September, but its difficult to see them
because of their small size. - Habitat the callitriche grows in clean waters
with a slow flow it is typical of a spring
river.
7GROUP B
Ranuncul acquatilis Ranuncul peltatus
Callitriche stagnalis Callitriche obtusangula
Callitriche platycarpa Chara spp. Fontinalis
antipiretica Potamoceton lucens Potamogeton
obtusifolius Elodea canadensis Hippuris
vulgaris Apium nodiflorum Rorippa
nasturium-acquaticum
8RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS
- White water-buttercup is found in ponds,
lakes, ditches and streams. The small white
flowers with a yellow centre rise above the water
surface. Many white water-buttercup plants have
two distinct types of leaves very finely
divided, thread-like, fan-shaped underwater
leaves, and floating or emersed leaves that
appear scalloped. Often only the underwater
leaves are present. The plants sometimes form
conspicuous mats on the water surface.
9RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS
- Leaf The leaf form is variable depending on the
season and growing conditions, but the leaves are
always alternately arranged on the stem.
Submersed leaves are branched into more than 20
thread-like segments. These fan-shaped leaves are
1-4 cm wide and are attached to the stem by 1-2
cm long leaf stalks. Floating leaves are often
absent. When present, these scalloped leaves
(0.5-2 cm long) are flat and have 3 to 5 main
lobes. - Stem The long smooth or slightly hairy stem can
grow up to 1 m and it is weak, branched, and
rooting at the lower nodes.
10RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS
- Flower Single flowers on stalks (1-6 cm long)
rise above the water surface. Each flower is 1-2
cm across, has a yellow centre, and 5 white
petals. As the fruit matures, the petals detach
and the flower stalks tend to curve away from the
stem. - Fruit White water-buttercup has clusters of 10
to 50 achenes per flower. Each achene is 1.5 -2.5
mm long, has a pointed end, and often has cross
ridges. - Root Fibrous roots often emerge from nodes on
the lower portions of the stems. - Propagation Seeds and stem fragments.Â
- Habitat Ponds, lake margins, rivers, slow-moving
streams or ditches.
11RANUNCULUS PELTATUS
- R. peltatus is generally found in slow-moving
streams or in lakes or ponds. It requires fairly
nutrient-rich (eutrophic) conditions. Often it
will form dense and very conspicuous beds - Flowers are white (or very pale pink), somewhat
larger than all other water-crowfoots. - Leaves are either finely dissected if submerged,
or round and lobed. Individual plants will
normally carry both kinds of leaf at time of
flowering (from May to August).
12CALLITRICHE STAGNALIS
- Pond water-starwort usually has spoon-shaped
floating leaves crowded at the stem-tip. - Leaf Opposite. Narrow submersed leaves (up to
10 mm wide) with one rounded leaf tip are
sometimes present. Oval or spoon-shaped floating
leaves are up to 10 mm wide and are joined by
tiny ridges at the base. - Stem Usually branched, rising to surface or
sprawling. - Flower Tiny flowers lack sepals and petals and
are located at the leaf bases on minute stalks.
2-4 tiny whitish bracts emerge from the flower
base. - Fruit Small, located at the leaf bases. Four
compartments, each containing one seed. Oval,
1.2-1.8 mm long, 1.2-1.7 mm wide, narrow margin
all around (wing) bracts at base. - Root Fibrous, from plant base or sprouting from
stem joints. - Propagation Plant fragments, seeds.
- Habitat Shallow water of lake margins and
streams.
13CALLITRICHE OBTUSANGULA
- English nameBlue-fruited Water-starwort
Scientific name Callitriche obtusangula Le Gall - Diagnostic features Aquatic perennial, but not
fruiting if submerged. - Submerged leaves linear.
- Floating leaf-blades broadly rhombic, each vein
usually marked by a fine raised ridge when fresh. - Stamens c.5mm anthers c.0.6mm wide.
- Pollen grains markedly ellipsoid or slightly
curved. - Fruits c.1.5 x 1.2mm, unwinged, with erect
styles. - Habitat Native in and by ponds and streams.
14CALLITRICHE PLATYCARPA
- English name Various-leaved Water-starwort
- Scientific name Callitriche platycarpa.
- It forms rosettes with 10-12 leaves, the single
leaves in the rosette are like the submerged
leaves, eliptic or narrow spatulate, while the
emerse leaves are more broad. The plant name The
genus-name Callitriche comes from the greek words
kalos ( beautifull) and thrix ( hair), the name
refer to the smallness of the genus, the
species-name platycarpa is likewise greek and
comes from platys ( flat) and karpon (
fruit).its are brown with thigh ali. It grows in
poor (of minerals) waters.
15CHARA SPP.
- Species Chara spp.,
- English namemuskgrass, stonewort, muskwort
Although these common lake inhabitants look
similar to many underwater plants, they are
actually algae. Muskgrasses are green or
grey-green coloured algae that grow completely
submersed in shallow (4 cm) to deep (20 m) water.
Individuals can vary greatly in size, ranging
from 5 cm to 1 m in length. The main "stem" of
muskgrasses bear whorls of branch lets, clustered
at regularly spaced joints. When growing in hard
water, muskgrasses sometimes become coated with
lime, giving them a rough gritty feel. These
algae are identifiable by their strong skunk-like
or garlic smell, especially evident when crushed.
16FONTINALIS ANTIPYRETICA
- Species Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw, English
name common water moss - FamilyFontinalaceaeCommon water moss is a dark
green underwater plant that attaches to rocks or
logs in flowing water, or floats loose or
attached in still water. The leaves are sharply
pointed, ridged, overlapping, and arranged in 3
rows along the entire length of the stems. The
stems grow up to 60 cm long and appear triangular
if the leaves are removed. Common water moss does
not produce flowers, reproducing by stolons,
plant fragments, or spores instead. It is often
found dried and dormant above water in the
summer.
17FONTINALIS ANTIPYRETICA
- Leaf The rather rigid, sharply-pointed leaves
are 4 to 9 mm long, broadly lance-shaped to
egg-shaped, and have a lengthwise ridge down the
back. They are arranged in 3 rows and partly
overlap along the entire length of the stem. When
removed from the stem, the leaves appear to be
folded length-wise down the middle. - Stem The branching stem is 20 to 60 mm long,
conspicuously three-angled (appears triangular in
cross section), and entirely covered by the
leaves. - Flower None, produces spores instead.
- Fruit Microscopic spores are produced in smooth
capsules that measure 2 to 2.6 mm long. Spores
are only produced on plants that are subjected to
periods of drying. Fertilization and spore
release will only take place above water. - Root No true roots. Rootlets (rhizoids) attach
common water moss to rocks and logs.
18FONTINALIS ANTIPYRETICA
- Propagation Mostly by stolons and leafy plant
fragments. Infrequently by spores. - Habitat Water moss is found attached to rocks or
logs in swift flowing water, or floating loose or
attached to substrate in still water. It is
common in shaded sites and prefers slightly
acidic water. It requires water below pH 8.4
where dissolved carbon dioxide is available. - It is characteristic of cold flowing waters. It
is constitute by small stems (long 30-50 cm) tag
at the bottom. - It grows in environments with temperatures
between 10C and 15C, clean water with neutral
pH and media durezza.
19POTAMOGETON LUCENS
- Leaves of only one kind, not separated into
submerged and floating. Leaves on main stem 7-20
cm long. In the axil of each leaf is a stiff,
pale green, yellowish or reddish stipule, about
40 as long as the leaf, with two conspicuous
ribs or keels. All leaves have a short stalk
about 1-12 mm long. - Other features Leaves wavy-edged. On either
side of the midrib there are about 2 prominent
veins and outside those another 2 or so fainter
ones. Joining these lengthwise veins there are
thinner but still very conspicuous cross-veins,
which are at an angle of about 60-80 to the main
veins, both near the midrib and near the edge.
Fruit-spike thickening upwards.
20POTAMOGETON OBTUSIFOLIUS
- Family Potamogetonaceae
- Duration Perennial
- Rhizomes absent. Cauline stems slightly
compressed, without spots, 35-90 cm glands
yellow-green to gold, 0.2-1 mm diameter. Turions
terminal, abundant, soft outer leaves 3-4 per
side, base not corrugate, apex apiculate to
obtuse inner leaves undifferentiated. Leaves
submersed, spirally arranged, sessile, flaccid
stipules persistent, inconspicuous, convolute,
free from blade, white, not ligulate, 0.6-1.8 cm,
fibrous, rarely shredding at tip, apex obtuse
blade light green to somewhat reddish, linear,
not arcuate, base slightly tapering, without
basal lobes, not clasping, margins entire, not
crispate, apex not hoodlike, obtuse or
round-apiculate, lacunae in 1-3 rows each side of
midrib veins 3. Inflorescences unbranched,
emersed peduncles not dimorphic, axillary,
erect, rarely recurved, cylindric spike not
dimorphic, cylindric, 8-13 mm. - Fruits sessile, olive-green to brown, obovoid,
turgid, abaxially keeled or not, laterally keeled
or not, lateral keels when present without
points sides without basal tubercles embryo
with 1 full spiral. - Flowering and fruiting summer fall. Medium- to
low-alkaline waters of lakes and slow-flowing
streams - It has two hybrids, Potamogeton obtusifolius P.
pusillus and P. friesii obtusifolius.
21ELODEA CANADENSIS
- These underwater perennial plants sometimes occur
as tangled masses in lakes, ponds, and ditches.
Individual plants within each species vary in
appearance depending on growing conditions. Some
are bushy and robust, others have few leaves and
weak stems. Both have long, trailing stems with
green, somewhat translucent leaves arranged in
whorls of 3 around the stem.
22ELODEA CANADENSIS
- Leaf Mostly arranged in whorls of 3
(occasionally 4), but sometimes opposite on the
lower portions of the stems. Leaves very finely
toothed along the edges, but evident only with
magnification. - Stem Long, slender, generally branched. Common
waterweed is more sparingly branched than
Nuttall's waterweed. - Flower Often does not produce flowers. Small (8
mm across), white flowers occur at the ends of
long, thread-like stalks and have 3 petals and
usually 3 sepals. Male and female flowers occur
on separate plants, but male flowers are rarely
produced. Blooms from July to September.
Fruit Capsules approximately 6 mm long, seeds
about 4 mm long, but because of a shortage of
male plants, seeds are seldom produced. - Root Tufts of fibrous roots from nodes along the
stem. - Propagation Stem fragments, over wintering buds,
and rarely by seeds. - Habitat Lakes, rivers, ponds and ditches.
23HIPPURIS VULGARIS
- Species Hippuris vulgaris
- Family Hippuridaceae
- Common mare's-tail looks like a robust green
bottlebrush growing in patches primarily in the
shallow areas of streams, ponds, and lakes or on
wet muddy shores when water levels drop. This
plant is characterized by unbranched stems,
abundant whorled leaves, and inconspicuous
flowers. The leaves and stems vary in form
depending on whether they are growing underwater
or are emergent. The underwater plant portions
are limp, flexible, and have very long leaves.
Emergent portions are stiff and erect, with short
narrow leaves.
24HIPPURIS VULGARIS
- Leaf  Arranged in whorls 6-12 stalk less,
smooth-edged leaves per whorl. Two types
submersed leaves are soft, pale green, and
measure up to 5 cm long and 3 mm wide. Emergent
leaves are dark green, stiffer, and smaller. In
deeper water only the submersed leaf form may be
present. - Stem The unbranched stem is hollow, up to 1 m
long, and forms roots at the nodes. The stem is
erect when emergent limp when submersed and can
form creeping rhizomes.
25HIPPURIS VULGARIS
- Flower Small, inconspicuous flowers are located
at the leaf bases. The flowers which lack petals
and sepals, are reduced to a tiny rim. - Fruit Tiny (mature fruit about 2 mm long),
nut-like, located at leaf bases. - Root Fibrous. Arising from lower portion of
stems and rhizomes. - Propagation Seeds, rhizomes. Will re-grow from
stem cuttings. - Habitat At the edges of lakes, ponds, and
streams in fresh, usually shallow water, though
it will grow in water up to 2 m deep.
26APIUM NODIFLORUM
- Family Apiaceae
- Type glaborous, perennial. Hel.
- Taste nauseous.
- Stems procumbent or ascending, rooting at lower
nodes, flring stems rooting at base, hollow,
finely grooved. - Height 30-100cm
- Umbels compound, sessile or shortly procumbent.
3-15, 1-2 cm rays, subequal, scabrid, spreading
or recurved (0.3) 1-2 cm.  Peduncles lt than
rays or almost absent, leaf opposed.
27APIUM NODIFLORUM
- Leaves simply pinnate, bright green, shiny. 2-4
(6) pairs of lobes, 1.5-6 (10) cm, lanceolate
to ovate, serrate or crenate  somewhat lobed,
sessile. Cotyledons contracted into petiole. - Bracts absent. Bracteoles 4-7, linear lancolate
to ovate, or gt than flowers. - Flowers greenish white. Styles form a
stylopodium. Fl.7-8. - Fuit 2-2.5 mm ovoid, laterally compressed,
smooth. Commisure  narrow. Mericarps with
prominent thick ribs. Carpophore  present.
Vittae solitary. Pedicels 1-2 mm. Styles gt than
stylopodium, recurved, stigma a small knob. - Habitat ditches, shallow ponds, wet places.
Nutrient rich calcerous soil.
28RORIPPA NASTURIUM-AQUATICUM
- This emergent perennial herb is typically
observed as a tangle of stems and leaves growing
in cold, flowing water. Usually the ends of the
stems and the leaves are held above the water.
The leaves are compound, each consisting of a
central stalk with several round leaflets that
have smooth or slightly wavy edges. The leaves
have a strong peppery taste. The small flowers
each have 4 white petals and are clustered at the
ends of the stems. - Leaf The older leaves are compound, with each
leaf consisting of 3 to 11 smooth or wavy-edged,
oval or lance-shaped leaflets growing from a
central stalk. The entire leaf measures 4 to 12
cm long, with the end leaflet usually larger than
the others. Young leaves are simple, not
compound. - Stem The trailing, fleshy stem is 10-60 cm long,
breaks easily, and is upright at the ends. It
forms roots at the lower nodes. - Flower White flowers appear above the water from
March through October. The flowers are clustered
at the ends of the stems on short stalks. The
flowers are 3-5 mm long and have 4 white petals. - Fruit Thin, slightly curved, cylindrical pods
are 10-25 mm long and about 2 mm wide, on stalks
8-12 mm long. The seeds are small (1 mm), round,
and arranged in four rows inside the pods.
29RORIPPA NASTURIUM-AQUATICUM
- Root Thin and fibrous. Roots often grow from the
nodes of the trailing stems. - Propagation Rooting stem fragments and seeds.
- Habitat Flowing streams and other shallow fresh
water prefers cold moving water. - Flower White flowers appear above the water from
March through October. The flowers are clustered
at the ends of the stems on short stalks. The
flowers are 3-5 mm long and have 4 white petals. - Fruit Thin, slightly curved, cylindrical pods
are 10-25 mm long and about 2 mm wide, on stalks
8-12 mm long. The seeds are small (1 mm), round,
and arranged in four rows inside the pods. - Root Thin and fibrous. Roots often grow from the
nodes of the trailing stems. - Propagation Rooting stem fragments and seeds.
- Habitat Flowing streams and other shallow fresh
water prefers cold moving water.
30GROUP C
- Zannichellia palustris
- Sparganium spp.
- Callitriche hermaphroditica
- Potamogeton crispus
- Potamogeton natans
- Potamogeton perfoliatus
- Nuphar lutea
- Lemna minor
- Lemna trisulca
- Enteromorpha sp.
- Scirpus lacustris
- Myriophyllum spicatum
31ZANNICHELLIA PALUSTRIS
- Family Zannichelliaceae
- Scientific name Zannichellia palustris L.
- English nameHorned Pondweed
- Horned pondweed is a delicate underwater
branching perennial that can grow to a length of
1 m. It has opposite, thread-like leaves that
emerge in such a way as to give the plants a
uniform shape. Unlike many look alike aquatic
plants which have flowers that emerge from the
water on spikes, horned pondweed has
inconspicuous underwater flowers and fruits
located at the leaf bases. Look for this plant in
brackish or alkaline streams, ponds, ditches, and
lakes.
32SPARGANIUM SPP
- English nameBranched Bur-reed
- Botanic notes monocotyledonous and perennial
plant, rhizomatous root. - Land of bloom humid places and ditches.
- Description A very common plant of wet ditches,
channels, fens, lake-sides, river-sides, ponds
and similar wet habitats. Easily recognised, with
its tall shoots reaching four feet or so, long,
narrow keeled leaves, and a stem which carries a
branched inflorescence of globular heads of male
and female flowers. The female flowers develop
into a bur-like structure which eventually breaks
up into its separate fruits for dispersal.
33CALLITRICHE ERMAPHRODITICA
- Autumnal Water-starwort
- Scientific name Callitriche hermaphroditica L.
- Diagnostic featuresSubmerged annual to 50cm.
- Leaves 8-18mm, widest near base, tapering to
emarginate apex, usually pale to mid green. - Fruits common, orbicular in side view,
c.1.4-2.2(3.3)mm, with wing 0.1-0.5mm wide. - Chromosome number 2n6.
- Habitat Native lakes and rivers.
34POTAMOGETON CRISPUS
- Curly leaf pondweed grows entirely underwater
except for the flower stalk which rises above the
water. Curly leaf pondweed has distinctly
wavy-edged, crispy olive-green to reddish-brown
leaves. It usually grows early in spring and dies
back in summer. The leaves of flat-stem pondweed
are long and narrow with smooth edges and the
sharp-edged stem is flat.
35POTAMOGETON CRISPUS
- Leaf Alternate, all submersed, no leaf stalks.
Oblong, stiff, translucent leaves (4-10 cm long,
5-10 mm wide) have distinctly wavy edges with
fine teeth and 3 main veins. Sheaths (stipules)
up to 1 cm long are free of the leaf base and
disintegrate with age - Stem branched, up to 90 cm long, somewhat
flattened. - Flower Tiny, with 4 petal-like lobes, in spikes
1-3 cm long on stalks up to 7 cm long. - Fruit Seed-like achene, 4-6 mm long including
2-3 mm beak, back ridged.
36POTAMOGETON CRISPUS
- Root Fibrous, from slender rhizomes.
- Propagation Seeds and creeping rhizomes,
over-winters as a hard, brown, bur-like bud with
crowded, small holly-like leaves. - Distribution nearly worldwide
- Habitat shallow to deep still or flowing water,
tolerant of disturbance. - Life history of Potamogeton crispus is unusual as
it flowers and fruits in late spring and early
summer, at which time it also produces turions.
The plants decay shortly after those structures
develop, leaving only fruits and turions, which
survive the summer. No one has observed any seed
germination, but the turions (referred to as
dormant apices) germinate in late summer or fall,
and the plants overwinter as small plants only a
few cm centimetres in size, even under the ice in
northern climates (R. L. Stuckey et al. 1978).
Growth then continues as the water begins warming
in the spring.
37POTAMOGETON NATANS
This perennial pondweed have oval floating leaves
and long, narrow, underwater leaves. The
underwater leaves have a broad light green
central stripe, the floating leaves are often
oppositely arranged. The underwater leaves are so
narrow that they appear to be stiff leafless
stalks, and the floating leaves often have
slightly heart-shaped bases.
38POTAMOGETON NATANS
- Submersed leaves They are alternate and stiff
and can be until 50 cm long and up to 2 mm wide. - Floating leaves They are alternate and have a
colour variable from dark green to
copper-coloured they can be from 6 to 11 cm long
and they have a width of 6 cm. their base is
heart-shaped and the stalk is longer than the
leaf blade. - Persistent sheaths (stipules) they can be from 6
to 8 cm long and are free from the leaf base - Stem It is generally unbranched and nearly
cylindrical. It is 2 mm thick.
39POTAMOGETON NATANS
- Flower It consists of compact spikes less than 5
cm long on stalks with a length of 12 cm. - Fruit It is from 3.5 to 5 mm long the back is
rounded or faintly ridged with a beak of 0.5-1
mm. - Root It is fibrous and composed by rhizomes.
- Propagation It happens through seeds come by
large winter buds. These plants sometimes produce
tubers.
40POTAMOGETON PERFOLIATUS
- Family potamogetonaceae Perfoliate Pondweed
Potamogeton perfoliatus is a submerged aquatic
plant that occurs in still and flowing
freshwaters in temperate climates. It is known as
clasped pondweed as the leaf bases perfoliate
(are wrapped around the stem). This is one of the
commonest pondweeds. All the leaves are under
water there are no floating leaves as in some
other common Potamogeton species. It is common in
lakes, ditches and slow rivers and streams, and
is tolerant of quite a wide range of nutrient
status.
41POTAMOGETON PERFOLIATUS
- Description P. perfoliatus is one of the common
pondweeds, rather robust, with the leaf bases
wrapped around the stem. All the leaves grow
under water and there are no floating leaves.
Leaves are flat, oval-shaped, 2-6 cm long, narrow
(due to lack of light and calcium) but margins
are slightly crisped . Plants have thicker,
darker green foliage than do plants growing in
deeper water (MDNR, 2005). Ailstock and Shafer
(2004) state reedgrass typically survives in
winter by persistence of sparsely branched pale
rhizomes embedded in the sediments.
Inflorescences are variable but mostly consisting
of 5-12 flowers with each consisting of 4 carpels
which in turn contain a single ovule. Seed
formation ranges from 20-48 seeds per
inflorescence". Redhead grass has an extensive
root and rhizome system that securely anchors the
plant (MDNR, 2005).
42NUPHAR LUTEA
- It is a water plant with a big underwater
rootstock. From the rootstock start the stalk of
the floating leaves (about 3m long). The other
leaves, instead, remain always under the water.
The floating leaves have got an oval form, thy
can be 30cm large and 40cm long. - At the end of Spring ()
- The yellow flowers are smaller (5-7 cm diameter)
than the white flowers that sometimes emerge a
lot from the level of water. - The fruit is a big capsule and looks like a
little bottle. It blooms from May to September. - This plant lives in pools 3-4m depth.
43LEMNA MINOR
- Description floating plant not rooted. Annual
plant, floating on the level of water, without
stalks. - Everyone is consisting of two elliptical leaves.
sometimes there are two other leaves (smaller
than the others). - The flowers are without petals and unisexed the
male one has got two stamen, the female one ha
got a carpel. The fruit is achee. - Ecology floating hydrophyte. It can form
colonies (sometimes very crowd). It blooms from
my and October. It lives in areas between 0 to
1600m.
44LEMNA TRISULCA
- LEMNA TRISULCA
-
- Description leaves with triangular form, they
dont float but they stay on the bottom. The
leaves are flat, lanceolate, they have a form of
star (in a four leaves group). Every leaf , 2-mm
large and 5-15 mm long, has got a stalk that link
it by a right angle to the other leaves. The
colour is light green or olive green and
semitransparent. - Every plant have got a separate root which dont
anchor to the ground. - The flowers are very small e uncommon, only when
the plant goes up the level of the water ( from
April to June). - Habitat hot springs, pools, marshes,
eutrophicated lakes. It lives in water which has
neutral pH, but it can live also with 6.5 or 7.5
pH. - The temperature cant be in high temperature (not
over 22C), because it lose its colour.
45ENTEROMORPHA SP.
- ENTEROMORPHA SP.
- Like the other green algae, Enteromorpha has got
an intense green. It has got fine blades that can
be large as two inches Enteromorpha is composed
of flattened green tubes. The various species of
Enteromorpha differ in a varity of features such
as size, branching patterns, and cell size and
arrangment.
46SCIRPUS LACUSTRIS
- It is the biggest European cane in fact it can be
more than 3 meters high. It has a great
rootstock (..) - The stems are erected, cylindrical, dark green.
- The leaves are short and linear. the
inflorescence is a head at the top of the steam. - It is common in Italy, in lakes and pools, in
marshes, rivers, channals and ditches.
47MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM
- Italian name millefoglie dacqua
- Description underwater, deep-rooted, floating
specie. Perennial plant, it is from 5 to 20 dm
high. It has got blooming stem, the leaves are
gathered with 5-6 whorls. - The flowers are in the axils of normal leaves or
smaller leaves. - Ecology it blooms from June to September. It is
rare in all the Italian territory. It lives in
areas between 0 to 800m.
48- Original description Linnaeus 1753
- dicot, perennial
- there are a number of water-milfoils, native and
non-native, that are confusable this
water-milfoil has decidedly feathery-looking
leaves - plants submersed rooted, attached to the
substrate - stems slender, smooth, 6 to 20 ft. long stems
reddish-brown to whitish-pink branching several
times near the water surface - leaves are olive-green, less than 2 in. long,
soft, deeply divided, feather-like each leaf
with a central axis (midrib) and 14 to 24 or so
very slender (filiform) segments on each side of
the axis - leaf whorls are arranged along the stems in
whorls of 3 to 6 (usually 4) leaves whorl nodes
are about 3/8 in. apart - flowers on an emersed spike, held erect above the
water, the spike to 8 inches long flowers
reddish arranged in 4-flowered whorls along
spike petals 4 petals 1/8 in. long sepals 4
stamens 8 flowering in Canada from late July to
early August - fruit 4-lobed splitting into 4 nutlets
- roots fibrous often developing on plant
fragments
49GROUP D
- Potamogenton pectinatus
- Cladophora glomerata
50POTAMOGETON PECTINATUS
-
- Family Potamogetonaceae
- Description floating and rooted species. It is a
perennial plant, 5-15dm high - Stems terete, ca. 1 mm thick, or the main stem
stouter on deep water forms sparingly branched at
the base, becoming freely dichotomously branched
above, 3-10 dm long. - Leaves all submersed, filiform to narrowly
linear, 3-12 cm long, usually 0,2-1 mm wide, 1-
to 3-nerved, acute, sometimes wider with obtuse
tips early in the growing season or on plants
from running water - stipules adnate to the base of the leaf blade for
1-3 cm, forming a sheath about as wide as the
stem, occasionally wider on the main stem,
especially in deep water forms.
51- Spikes elongate, 1-5 cm long, with 2-5(7)
unevenly spaced floral whorls h - peduncles lax, filiform, to 15 cm long.
- Fruits yellowish to tawny, drying brown,
obliquely obovoid, 2,7-4 mm long, rounded on the
back, apiculate due to the style beak which is
usually 0,3-0,5 mm long. - Habitat Shallow to rather deep, fresh to
subsaline water of lakes, ponds, marshes,
ditches, rivers and streams common and often
abundant. - Ecology It is commune in all the Italian
territory. It lives in areas between 0 to 2000m.
52CLADOPHORA
- Cladophora glomerata (Blanket weed). The species
of filamentous or string algae that causes the
most concern in fresh water systems everywhere is
Cladophora glomerata. This is called blanket weed
(blanketweed or string algae). There are over 150
different species of cladophora so lots of
different blanket weeds. - Blanket weed (blanketweed) can grow at
unbelievable rates when the conditions in the
pond are matching the requirements of the algae
such as pond water with very high light levels
and with high levels of nutrients. In cases like
this blanket weed can grow at more than 2 metres
per day (6 feet per day!!!!)