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Introduction to Biotechnology

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Title: Introduction to Biotechnology


1
Introduction to Biotechnology
  • Chapter 13

2
What is biotechnology?
  • Any technique that uses living organisms or
    their products to make or modify a product, to
    improve plants or animals, or to develop
    microorganisms for specific uses
  • - US Office of Technology Assessment

3
What kinds of products do we want organism to
manufacture?
  • Human protein replacements
  • Enzymes useful in manufacturing
  • Sugars, alcohols, synthetic precursors
  • Human therapies
  • Vaccines
  • Diagnostic tools
  • Themselves (with help of course)

4
What kind of organisms do we use?
  • Bacteria
  • Yeast
  • Cell cultures (both human and insect)
  • Plants
  • Animals

5
Biotechnology, the old science
  • Fermentation in bread making, winemaking, beer
    brewing
  • How is it done? Fermentation uses yeast to
    generate alcohol and/or carbon dioxide

6
Selective Breeding
  • Also called hybridization
  • Considered biotechnology
  • Process by which organism are used to produce
    something for human use

7
Modern Uses of Biotechnology
  • Microorganism to break down toxic wastes
  • Synthetic insulin
  • Diagnostic tests for disease
  • Hardier plants- Genetically modified foods (GM
    foods)
  • Snow making capabilities

8
Major Use of Biotechnology
  • Discovery and Development of drugs
  • The more we understand about how organisms
    function at the cellular and molecular level, the
    more we can try to engineer molecules that will
    inhibit unwanted processes

9
Tools and applications of DNA Manipulation
  • Why? To gather knowledge about how basic life
    processes are carried out and to make useful
    products for our daily lives
  • Tools and Applications
  • Restriction enzymes, or endonucleases
  • DNA ligase
  • Gel electrophoresis
  • Polymerases Chain Reaction (PCR)

10
Restriction enzymes
  • Used by bacteria as defense mechanism
  • Cut both strands of DNA double helix at a
    specific sequence
  • 100s of these enzymes available commercially
  • Used to cut a sample of DNA at a certain location
    according to its nucleotide sequence

11
DNA Scissors
  • Restriction enzymes are proteins produced by
    bacteria that cut DNA at a specific location
  • Each different restriction enzyme has a specific
    site
  • DNA is a palindrome- the sequence at top is same
    as sequence at the bottom
  • Complete Exercise 1

12
Recombinant DNA molecules
  • Recombinant object is made up of parts taken from
    more than one source
  • Your genome is recombinant Part from your mother
    and part from your father
  • Recombinant DNA molecules are pieces of DNA have
    be reassembled from pieces taken from more than
    one source of DNA
  • For example, DNA taken from a plasmid

13
What is a Plasmid?
  • Small, circular pieces of DNA within in
    bacterial cells
  • They are copied by DNA replication enzymes
    because they have origin of replication
  • Often contain genes that have resistance to
    antibiotics

14
Gel Electrophoresis
  • Laboratory technique used to separate fragments
    of DNA that have been digested by restriction
    enzymes (cut up)
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