Microbiology

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Microbiology

• Part IMicrobiology Immunology
• Part II Pharmaceutical Microbiology

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Textbook

• MICROBIOLOGY
• AN INTRODUCTION
• TORTORA, FUNKE AND CASE
• 9th. Edition (2007)

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Part 1 Microbiology Immunology

• Introduction to Microbiology----classification,
  history, how Microorganisms affect human lives
• Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
• Morphology, metabolism, reproduction
• Physical factors that affect microbial growth

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General Microbiology

• Antimicrobial chemotherapy
• Normal flora host parasite relationship
• Mechanisms of virulence
• Virology, Parasitology, Mycology

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• Immunology
• innate physical chemical
• (Phagocytosis, complement activation,
  interferons)
• Acquired Naturally artificially
• Humeral cell-mediated immune responses
• Vaccines vaccination program

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• First exam. 20 marks
• Second exam. 20 marks
• Quiz reports 20 marks
• Final exam. 40 marks
• Total 100 marks

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Microbiology microorganisms
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Microbiology

• Is the biology of microorganisms.
• - It is a bioscience for the study of the
  evolution, classification , morphology,
  physiology, genetics, ecology of microbes under
  certain definite conditions
• The law of their life activities
  
• and
• their interaction with human being, animals or
  plants as well as with natural environment.

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Microbiology

• Is a science dealing with Microorganisms

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What are Microorganisms?

• . - Microorganisms
• --are minute living things that are too small to
  be seen by naked eye
• microscope

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What are Microorganisms?

• - Viruses , bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some
  algae are all in this category
• - All with the exception of plants and animals

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Branches of Microbiology

• Bacteria - Bacteriology
• Mycology - Fungus
• Parasitology - Protozoology Helminthology
• Immunology - Host defenses
• Virology - Viruses
• Recombinant DNA technology

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Distribution of microorganisms

• Air
• Soil
• Water
• Animals
• Human body

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Microorganisms and Human Beings

• Beneficial activities Most microbes are of
  benefit to human beings, some are necessary(
  nitrogen, carbon cycles)
• Harmful activities A portion of microbes cause
  diseases and are poisonous to human, and these
  are really that concern us in the study of
  Medical Microbiology, etc.

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The Importance of Microbiology

• Environment
• Medicine
• Food
• Industry
• Biotechnology
• Research

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The Importance of Microbiology

• Ecological importance
• Maintaining the ecological balance in the
  environment (on the earth) by recycling chemical
  elements such as Carbon Nitrogen between the
  soil the atmosphere

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The Importance of Microbiology

• Soil microbes help breakdown wastes incorporate
  nitrogen gas from the air into organic compounds
• --certain microbes play important roles in
  photosynthesis (carbon)
• --a food oxygen generating process that is
  critical to life on earth

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The Importance of Microbiology

• Humans many other animals depend on the
  microbes in their intestines (microflora) for
• The digestion the synthesis of some vitamins
  that their bodies require
• some B vitamins metabolism
• vitamin K blood clotting

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The Importance of Microbiology

• ----Some microorganisms are used in commercial
  industrial application
• Industry Chemicals --- organic acids ,enzymes
  alcohol (ethanol, acetone, etc.)
• Food cheese, yogurt, bread, pickles vinegar
  
• Drugs --- antibiotics (penicillin)

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The Importance of Microbiology

• Biotechnology Recombinant products (e.g., human
  insulin, vaccines)

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Modern Biotechnology Recombinant DNA
technology

• Biotechnology practical application of
  microbiology to produce some common foods
  chemicals
• Recombinant DNA technologyhave been used to
  produce a number of natural proteins vaccines
  enzymes
• Gene therapyinserting missing gene or replacing
  defective one in human cells ,,,harmless virus to
  carry gene

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• Recombinant DNA technology A series of
  procedures that are used to join together
  (recombine) DNA segments. A recombinant DNA
  molecule is constructed from segments of two or
  more different DNA molecules. Under certain
  conditions, a recombinant DNA molecule can enter
  a cell and replicate there, either on its own or
  after it has been integrated into a chromosome.

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• The use of microorganisms, such as bacteria or
  yeasts, or biological substances, such as
  enzymes, to perform specific industrial or
  manufacturing processes. Applications include the
  production of certain drugs, synthetic hormones,
  and bulk foodstuffs as well as the bioconversion
  of organic waste and the use of genetically
  altered bacteria in the cleanup of oil spills.

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The Importance of Microbiology

• Environment microbes used to treat sewage and
  clean up pollution
• Bioremediation
• microbes cultured for their ability to digest oil
  and other petroleum derivatives.

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The History and Scope of Microbiology

• today we understand that microorganisms are
  found almost everywhere
• before the invasion of the microscope microbes
  were unknown to scientist
• thousands of people died in devastating
  epidemics, the causes of which were not
  understood
• entire families died because vaccination
  antibiotics were not available to fight infections

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The History and Scope of Microbiology

• we can get an idea of how our current
  concepts of Microbiology developed by looking at
  a few of the historic milestones in Microbiology
  that have changed our lives

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History of Microbiology

• Experience phase
• Experimental phase
• Modern phase

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Experience phase
The most important discovery in the history of
biology occurred in 1665 with crude microscope ,
Robert Hooke report that living thing are made
of small unite (cells)
Cell Theory
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Experience phase

• Cell theory all living things are composed of
  cells
• The structure functions of cells were based on
  this theory
• Robert Hooke 1665 (English) reported that
  lifes smallest structural units were cells

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Experience phase

• Anton van Leewenhoek (Dutch merchant) 1673 the
  first to actually observe live microorganisms
  through the magnifying lens
• He made detailed drawings
• (bacteria protozoa)

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Microbiology, b. 1674
Microscope of Antony van Leeuwenhoek
(1673) Simple-single-lens microscope
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Spontaneous generation Dr. Francsco Redi tried
to disprove it
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Experimental phase

• Spontaneous generation living organisms could
  arise from non-living matter
• Dr. Francsco Redi (1668) tried to disprove it
• He demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying
  meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on meat

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The Theory of biogenesis (1861) Living cells can
arise only from preexisting living cells
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Experimental phase

• Louis Pasteur (French) 1861
• He was Able to disproved the spontaneous
  generation and proved the Biogenesis theory
  the development of aseptic techniques used
  in the laboratory medical procedures to prevent
  contamination by microorganisms

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Louis Pasteur

• Fermentation pasteurization
• Yeast ferment sugars alcohol
• Bacteria oxidize alcohol acetic
  acid
• Heating process is used to kill bacteria in milk

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Louis Pasteur

• Introduced Germ Theory of Disease causal
  relationship between microorganism disease
• .
• Developed Pasteur treatment for preventing rabies

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• Disproved spontaneous generation
• Biogenesis theory
• Fermentation
• Pasteurization
• Rabies treatment
• Germ theory of disease

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Germ Theory of Disease

• Microorganisms cause disease
• Robert Koch (1876) proved that a particular
  microorganism cause a particular disease

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19th Century surgery using Listers carbolic acid
sprayer.
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The golden age of Microbology Vaccination
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Vaccination immunity ( resistance to a
particular disease) is conferred by inoculation
with a vaccine

• Pasteur (1880) discovered that avirulant
  bacteria could be used as a vaccine for cholera
  (vaccine)
• Now modern vaccines are prepared from living or
  killed pathogens
• Recombinant DNA techniques

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The Birth of modern Chemotherapy Dreams of
Magic Bullet

• Treatment of disease by using chemical substances
• Chemotherapy
• If prepared from chemical in the laboratory
• synthetic drugs
• Or produced by Microorganism
• Antibiotics

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(1910) introduce salvarsan to treat syphilis
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Modern Biotechnology Recombinant DNA
technology

• Biotechnology practical application of
  microbiology to produce some common foods
  chemicals
• Recombinant DNA technologyhave been used to
  produce a number of natural proteins vaccines
  enzymes
• Gene therapyinserting missing gene or replacing
  defective one in human cells harmless virus to
  carry gene

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• Cell theory
• Spontaneous generation
• The Theory of biogenesis
• Germ Theory of Disease

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• Anton van Leewenhoek
• Louis Pasteur
• Robert Koch
• Joseph Lister
• Paul Ehrlich
• Alexander Fleming
• Edward Jenner

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• Classification of Microorganisms
• Taxonomy

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Relationship of Microbes
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Classification of microbes and taxonomy
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Classification of microbes and taxonomy
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Types of Microorganisms

• Bacteria (singular bacterium) are relatively
  simple single-celled prokaryotes
• Cell shape are either rods or coccus
• Enclosed in cell wall largely composed of
  carbohydrate and protein complex called
  peptidoglycan
• Bacteria reproduce by binary fission
• For nutrition, most bacteria use organic
  chemicals derived from living or nonliving
• Some can do photosynthesis
• Some are motile

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Archae

• Like bacteria
• Cell wall lack peptidoglycan -
• Extremely salty environment
• Not cause disease in human

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• microorganisms that are composed of single or
  multicellular Eukarya
• - Algae - Fungi - Protozoa - Helminths

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Algae

• Are photosynthesis Eukaryotes with wide variety
  of shapes
• Reproduce sexually or asexually
• Cell wall like plants are compose of cellulose
• Algae are abundant in
• fresh water and salt
• Play an important role in
• the balance of nature
• (produce Oxygen
• carbohydrates)
• Major food source of
• small aquatic animals

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Fungi

• Fungi (singular fungus) are Eukaryotes
• They may be unicellular (yeast)- are oval in
  shape larger than bacteria
• OR
• multicellular (mold)- form visible masses called
  mycelia compose of long filaments (
  hyphae)cottony growths on breadfruit).
• Large multicellular like mushroom look somewhat
  like plant but they are not photosynthesis
• Cell wall compose of chitin
• Fungi reproduce sexually or asexually
• They absorbing solution of organic materials to
  get their nourishements

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Protozoa

• Protozoa are unicellular Eukaryotic microbes
• Move by flagella, cilia, pseudopods
• Have variety of shapes,
• Lives free or as parasite
• They absorb or ingest organic compounds from
  their environment
• They reproduce by sexually or asexually

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Compare Algae, Fungi, Protozoa.
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Multicellular animal parasites

• Helminths included
• Flat helminths and round helminths
• During some stages of their life cycle, helminths
  are microscopic in size

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Relationship of Microbes
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Viruses

• Viruses are differ from all others
• They are so small that need electron microscopy
  to be seen
• they are acellular (not cellular)
• Structurally very simple
• core made of only one type of nucleic acid
  ( either DNA, or RNA)
• This core surrounded by protein coat
• Sometimes this coat is enclosed by an additional
  layer , a lipid layer called envelope
• Viruses can reproduce only by using the cellular
  (Replication)?machinery of the host,
• living when inside living cell , non living
  outside

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• viroids
• generally cause plant diseases
• prion
• -mad cow disease in cattle -Kuru -
  Creutzfeldt-Jakob in man