Social Psychology

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Social Psychology

• Chapter 20 21 Review

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Group Behavior
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Group Behavior

• When the desire to be part of a group prevents a
  person from seeing other alternatives.

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Groupthink
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Group Behavior

• When a person performs better in front of a
  group.

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Social facilitation
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Group Behavior

• Not doing your best in a group because you think
  others will do more

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Social Loafing
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Group Behavior

• You believe youll fail the test so you dont
  bother to study and as a result fail the test.
  This is an example of

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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Group Behavior

• Concern for what others think of you reason you
  perform better in front of a group.

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Evaluation Apprehension
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Group Behavior

• When group attitudes become stronger after they
  discuss and act upon the shared attitudes.

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Polarization
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Group Behavior

• When a person is willing to do things with a
  group they would not do alone.

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Risky Shift
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Group Behavior

• In decision-making, the first to switch to an
  alternate opinion brings several people with
  them.

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First-shift scheme
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Group Behavior

• Feeling you are less responsible when with a
  group

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Diffusion of responsibility
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Group Behavior

• Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint, and
  loss of sense of responsibility when in a group.

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Deindividuation
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Helping Moral Behavior
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Helping Moral Behavior

• This person developed a three-stage theory on how
  moral reasoning develops.

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Lawrence Kohlberg
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Helping Moral Behavior

• A hypothetical situation where you are given the
  question What would you do? to a situation with
  no easy answers

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Moral Dilemma
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Helping Moral Behavior

• Sacrificing your own welfare to help another
  person.

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Alturism
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Helping Moral Behavior

• Obviously neglecting someone needing help because
  of diffusion of responsibility.

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Bystander Effect
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Helping Moral Behavior

• Any behavior that helps another person.

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Prosocial Behavior
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Helping Moral Behavior

• Morality of individual conscience, not
  necessarily in agreement with others.

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Universal Ethics
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Helping Moral Behavior

• Doing what is necessary to avoid punishment

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Avoiding Punishment
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Helping Moral Behavior

• Behavior is determined by avoiding punishment or
  getting a reward. Typical of children.

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Preconventional Reasoning
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Helping Moral Behavior

• Doing what is necessary to satisfy ones needs

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Satisfying Needs
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Helping Moral Behavior

• Moral judgments based on maintaining social
  order. High regard for authority.

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Law and Order
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Helping Moral Behavior

• Seeking and maintaining the approval of others
  using conventional standards of right and wrong

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Winning Approval
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Helping Moral Behavior

• Obedience to accepted laws. Judgments based on
  personal values

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Social Order
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Helping Moral Behavior

• Based on your own moral standards of goodness.
  Developed in adulthood.

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Postconventional Reasoning
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Helping Moral Behavior

• Primary concern is to fit in and play the role of
  a good citizen. Strong desire to follow rules.

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Conventional Reasoning
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Conformity Obedience
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Conformity Obedience

• Found people would knowingly give the wrong
  answer to conform to the group.

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Aschs Line Experiment
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Conformity Obedience

• Unspoken or unwritten rules you dont pass gas
  in math class but you might when with friends.

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Implicit Norms
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Conformity Obedience

• Guidelines for what people should or should not
  do in a situation

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Social Norms
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Conformity Obedience

• Spoken or written rules dress codes or traffic
  laws.

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Explicit Norms
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Conformity Obedience

• This is a reason for conformity. People who
  stand out draw negative attention to themselves.

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Need for acceptance
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Conformity Obedience

• Tendency for people to give in to major demands
  after they have already given in to minor ones.

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Foot-in-the-door Effect
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Conformity Obedience

• You are more likely to follow orders, even
  immoral ones, if you cannot see the consequences
  of your actions.

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Buffers
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Conformity Obedience

• Found most people would obey an authority figure
  to do something hurtful to another if authority
  figure accepted responsibility.

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Milgrams Shock Experiment
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Conformity Obedience

• People have been taught to be obedient to
  authority since childhood. To do otherwise
  conflicts deeply with societys rules.

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Socialization
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Aggression
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Aggression

• Some cultures encourage independence and
  competitiveness, and this fosters aggression.

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Sociocultural View
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Aggression

• Aggression is reinforced because when a person
  gets what they want using aggression they will
  use that technique again.

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Learning View
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Aggression

• Aggressive behavior is a choice made by people.
  It reflects their values and thinking.

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Cognitive View
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Aggression

• People often lose themselves in this causing them
  to become more aggressive and dehumanizing to
  other people than they normally would.

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Role Playing
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Aggression

• Taking your aggression out in a more acceptable
  way, like on a punching bag.

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Catharsis
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Aggression

• Found good people will become aggressive in the
  right environment.

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Zimbardos Prison Study
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Aggression

• Aggression comes from frustration and repressed
  feelings to harm people who dont meet our
  demands.

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Psychoanalytic View
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Aggression

• Aggression seems to help animals reproduce and
  survive

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Sociobiology View
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Attraction
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Attraction

• Varies greatly from culture to culture.

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Body shape preference
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Attraction

• Ventral striatum predicts reward, and is
  activated when an attractive person makes eye
  contact with us.

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Brain reward
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Attraction

• We choose partners who are similar to ourselves
  in attractiveness.

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Matching hypothesis
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Attraction

• People with round heads, big eyes, and small
  jawbones are believed to be more honest and
  helpless.

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Baby face bias
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Attraction

• Seven types of relationships characterized by
  intimacy, commitment, and passion.

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Triangular love model
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Attraction

• When a person likes us back.

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Reciprocity
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Attraction

• Smiling people, big eyes, high cheekbones even
  infants stare at faces with these qualities.

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Universal of Beauty
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Attraction

• Stereotypically rated higher on intelligence,
  competence, and morality.

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Attractiveness Bias
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Social Perception
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Social Perception

• People get what they deserve and they deserve
  what they get.

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Just-World Bias
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Social Perception

• Recent interactions with a person cause you to
  change your opinion about them.

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Recency Effect
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Social Perception

• When I get good grades it is because I am smart.
  When I dont it is because the teacher is bad.

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Self-Serving bias
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Social Perception

• The mental processes used in making judgments
  about people.

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Person perception
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Social Perception

• First impressions are lasting impressions dress
  up for a job interview.

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Primacy Effect
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Social Perception

• When you think a person is rude because the only
  time you saw the person was when they were
  impolite to another forming a judgment on one
  behavioral observation.

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Actor-Observer Bias
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Social Perception

• Tendency to give too much weight to personality
  factors and not enough weight to situational
  factors when observing someones behavior.

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Fundamental Attribution Error
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Social Perception

• When something bad happens it is always my
  fault. When something good happens it is luck.

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Self-Effacing Bias
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Social Perception

• This can be used to convey truthfulness,
  eagerness or attention, or to show anger.

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Eye Contact
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Social Perception

• She deserved to be mugged for being in that
  neighborhood after dark. Their misfortune is
  their own fault.

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Blaming the Victim
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Social Perception

• Ignores a persons unique qualities and makes a
  conclusion about a person based on limited
  information.

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Social Categorization
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Social Perception

• We often explain our own behavior differently
  than we explain the behavior of other people can
  lead to errors.

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Attribution Theory
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Social Perception

• Waitresses received higher tips when making
  change with their customers this way.

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Physical Contact
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Attitudes Prejudice
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Attitudes Prejudice

• Positive or negative evaluation of a person,
  object or idea.

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Attitudes
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Attitudes Prejudice

• When our attitudes are inconsistent with their
  actions sometimes leads to change in attitudes.

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Cognitive Dissonance
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Attitudes Prejudice

• Prejudice was overcome when groups cooperate to
  achieve a common goal.

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Robbers Cave
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Attitudes Prejudice

• Blaming a complex problem on an undeserving
  group.

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Scapegoat Theory
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Attitudes Prejudice

• After being discriminated against, a person may
  put down another group that is worse off in order
  to gain power.

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Victimization
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Attitudes Prejudice

• When you lie about your attitude to make up for
  cognitive dissonance. Group said a boring task
  was fun when only paid 1 to do it.

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Insufficient-justification Effect
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Attitudes Prejudice

• Unfair treatment of a person because they are
  part of a particular group.

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Discrimination
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Attitudes Prejudice

• Children will imitate their parents attitudes
  and parents will reinforce these attitudes in
  their children.

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Social Learning
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Attitudes Prejudice

• Unjustifiable attitude to a group or a member
  usually negative.

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Prejudice
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Attitudes Prejudice

• Belief that people with less money are lazy and
  do not work as hard.

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Justifying Economic Status
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Attitudes Prejudice

• Oversimplified belief about a group that is
  certainly not true about all people in that
  group. Tall people are good basketball players.

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Stereotype
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Attitudes Prejudice

• Tendency to favor ones own group even at the
  expense of others.

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Ingroup Bias
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Attitudes Prejudice

• Tendency to see people who are not part of our
  group as being very similar, when we see people
  of our own group as varied.

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Out-Group Homogeneity Effect
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Attitudes Prejudice

• Stereotypes about African Americans are so
  prevalent that we all hold them we must actively
  push them back to act in a non-prejudice way.

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Devines Automaticity Theory