Chapter 16 in Textbook

1
Unit 5

• Chapter 16 in Textbook
• Pages 506 - 529

2
Introduction to Digestion

• Organs and Organ Systems

3
What is Digestion?
4
the mechanical and chemical breakdown of complex
food into simple nutrients that cells can use
It is considered an open system
DIGESTION IS
5
Two Types of Digestion

• Mechanical
• Breaking food into small pieces using
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Smooth muscle

• Chemical
• Breaking food into small pieces using
• Chemicals

6
Complex Food

• Food that is not in a form that could be used by
  cells

7
Simple Nutrients

• Food that is broken down to molecules that cells
  can absorb and use.

8
Levels of Organization

• Atom Oxygen (O)
• Molecule Water (H2O)
• Organelle - mitochondria
• Cell animal cell
• Tissue - muscle
• Organ - stomach
• Organ System - digestive
• Organism - human

9
Six Basic Simple Food Nutrients

• Fats
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Water

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What does food give your body

• Materials for growing and repairing body tissue

• Energy for everything you do

11
Carbohydrates (simple or complex)

• Supply quick energy to cells
• Sugars, glucose, starches and fiber

12
Fats

• Supply energy, but fats are usually stored
• Two Types
• Saturated solid at room temperature
• Unsaturated liquid at room temperature

13
Proteins (complete and incomplete)

• Used by cells for growth and repair
• Two Types
• Complete animal sources
• Incomplete plant sources

14
Vitamins

• Substances that help control growth and normal
  body function

15
Minerals

• Inorganic substances that help control growth and
  normal functions

16
Water

• Main compound in a living body
• Makes up 50-60
• Needed for chemical reactions

17
Food Guide Pyramid

• A changing model

18
New vs Old
19
Updating Again
MyPlate is part of a larger communications
initiative based on 2010 Dietary Guidelines for
Americans to help consumers make better food
choices.
20
Food Labels

• Provide Nutrition Information

21
Nutrition information provided on food labels

• Nutrition Facts
• Ingredient List
• Nutrition Claims
• Health Claims

INGREDIENTS Whole wheat, wheat bran,
sugar/glucose-fructose, salt, malt (corn flour,
malted barley), vitamins (thiamine hydrochloride,
pyridoxine hydrochloride, folic acid, d-calcium
pantothenate), minerals (iron, zinc oxide).
Good source of fibre
Part of a heart healthy diet
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What food products have Nutrition Facts?

• Almost all prepackaged foods have Nutrition
  Facts.
• Some exceptions are
• fresh fruit and vegetables, raw meat, poultry,
  fish and seafood
• foods prepared or processed at the store
• bakery items, sausage, salads
• foods that contain very few nutrients
• coffee beans, tea leaves, spices
• alcoholic beverages.

23
Use Nutrition Facts

• to easily compare similar foods
• to look for foods with a little or a lot of a
  specific nutrient
• to select foods for special diets
• to make informed food choices

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The Ingredient List

• Lists all of the ingredients for a food by
  weight, from the most to the least.
• Is a source of information for certain nutrients.
• Is a source of information for people with food
  allergies

INGREDIENTS WHOLE GRAIN ROLLED OATS, SUGAR, HIGH
MONOUNSATURATED CANOLA OIL, ALMOND PIECES,
RAISINS, GOLDEN SYRUP, SALT, CRISP RICE (RICE
FLOUR, SOY PROTEIN, SUGAR, MALT, SALT), SOY
LECITHIN, NATURAL FLAVOUR
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Nutrition Claims

• Are regulated statements made when a food meets
  certain criteria.
• They are optional, and may be found only on some
  food products.

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Health Claims

• Disease risk reduction claims

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Structure and Function of the Mouth and Pharynx

• Human Mouth Structure

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Mouth

• Structure

• Function

• Mechanical Digestion
• Chemical Digestion
• Enzymes and mucus
• Contains
• Teeth
• Tongue

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Salivary Glands

• Structure

• Function

• Produce Saliva
• Breaks down starch into sugar
• Produce 1 ½ liters per day
• Lubricate and hold chew food together
• bolus

30
Pharynx (area)

• Structure

• Function

• Swallow food
• Respiratory and Digestive Systems meet
• Area contains
• Epiglottis
• Sinuses
• Trachea
• Eustachian tubes
• Esophagus

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Structure and Function of Organs in the Digestive
System

• Human Digestive System

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Esophagus

• Structure

• Function

• To get food to the stomach by muscular
  squeezing
• Peristalsis
• Example
• Tennis ball and sock

33
Stomach

• Structure

• Function

• Temporarily store food
• Muscular sphincters control the flow of food
• Mix food with gastric juices

34
Gastric Juices contain

• Mucus
• Protects stomach wall
• Hydrochloric Acid
• Kills germs
• Aids in protein digestion
• Pepsin
• Works with HCl to digest protein

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Chyme

• Mixture of food and gastric juice
• Soupy and ready for the small intestine
• Released when sphincter opens

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Small Intestine

• Structure

• Function

• 6 meters long
• 3 cm across

• Finish chemical digestion
• To absorb nutrient molecules
• Divided into 3 parts
• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum

37
Pancreas (helper organ)

• Structure

• Function

• Produces pancreatic juice
• Mixture of chemicals
• containing enzymes
• Alkaline secretion of the pancreas

38
Liver (helper organ)

• Structure

• Function

• Produces bile
• Breaks up fats

39
Gall Bladder (helper organ)

• Structure

• Function

• Storage of bile

40
Villi (helper structure)

• Structure

• Function

• Increase surface area of small intestine
• Absorb simple nutrient molecules

41
Appendix

• Structure

• Function

• Unknown
• May be a store house for good bacteria

42
Colon (Large Intestine)

• Structure

• Function

• Absorb
• Water
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Contents contain
• Fiber from plants
• Bacterial
• Body wastes