The Progressive Movement

1
The Progressive Movement

• The muckrakers are often indispensable to
  society but only if they know when to stop raking
  the muck.
• Theodore Roosevelt

2
Timeline of Events

• 1874
• Womens Christian Temperance Union is founded
• 1889
• Eiffel Tower opens for visitors
• 1896
• William McKinley is elected president

3
Timeline of Events

• 1898
• Marie Curie discovers radium
• 1899
• Boer War is South Africa begins
• 1900
• William McKinley is reelected

4
Timeline of Events

• 1901
• McKinley is assassinated, Theodore Roosevelt
  becomes president
• Commonwealth of Australia is created

5
Timeline of Events

• 1904
• Theodore Roosevelt is elected president
• Ida Tarbell writes The History of Standard Oil
• Lincoln Steffens writes The Shame of the Cities

6
Timeline of Events

• 1906
• Upton Sinclair writes The Jungle about the
  meatpacking industry
• Meat Inspection Act is passed
• Pure Food and Drug Act is passed

7
Timeline of Events

• 1908
• William Howard Taft is elected president
• Ray Stannard Baker writes Following the Color
  Line
• 1909
• NAACP is founded by W.E.B. DuBois
• Frank Lloyd Wright builds the Robie House

8
Timeline of Events

• 1910
• Mexican Revolution begins
• 1912
• 17th Amendment passes allowing for the direct
  election of senators
• Bull Moose Party forms with Roosevelt as its
  nominee

9
Timeline of Events

• 1912
• Woodrow Wilson is elected president
• 1913
• Chinas Qin Dynasty topples
• Federal Reserve Act passes

10
Timeline of Events

• 1914
• World War I begins in Europe
• Clayton Anti-Trust Act passes
• Federal Trade Commission is established

11
Timeline of Events

• 1916
• Woodrow Wilson is reelected president
• 1917
• United States enters into World War I

12
Timeline of Events

• 1918
• 18th Amendment outlaws alcohol
• Mohandas Gandhi becomes leader of the
  independence movement in India
• 1920
• 19th Amendments grants women the right to vote

13
Four Goals of Progressivism

• By 1900, journalists and writers had exposed the
  unsafe conditions faced by factory workers
• Reformers tried to get the government to be more
  responsive
• These reform efforts formed the progressive
  movement, which aimed to restore economic
  opportunities and correct injustices in American
  life

14
Four Goals of Progressivism

• Although reformers never fully agreed on the
  problems needed to be solved, they all shared at
  least one of the progressivism goals
• Protecting social welfare
• Promoting moral improvement
• Creating economic reform
• Fostering efficiency

15
Protecting Social Welfare

• Social welfare reformers worked to soften harsh
  conditions of industrialization
• The Social Gospel and settlement house movements
  aimed to help the poor with
• Community houses
• Churches
• Social services
• The Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA)
• opened libraries
• sponsored classes
• built swimming pools and handball courts
• The Salvation Army
• fed the poor in soup kitchens
• cared for children in nurseries
• sent slum brigades to instruct poor immigrants
  in middle class values of hard work and temperance

16
The first YMCA erected in 1859 Baltimore, MD
17
Protecting Social Welfare

• Many women were inspired by the settlement houses
  to take action
• Florence Kelleyadvocate for improving the lives
  of women and children
• Appointed chief inspector of factories for
  Illinois
• Helped win passage of the Illinois Factory Act in
  1893
• The act prohibited child labor and limited
  womens working hours

18
Promoting Moral Improvement

• Other reformers felt morality, not the workplace,
  held the key to improving the lives of poor
  people
• They wanted immigrants and the poor to improve
  their personal behavior
• Prohibition was one program aimed at helping
  people uplift themselves

19
Promoting Moral Improvement

• Womans Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
• Founded in Cleveland 1874
• Spearheaded the crusade for prhibition
• Members entered saloons, singing, praying, and
  urging saloonkeepers to stop selling alcohol to
  advance their cause
• By 1911245,000 members
• The largest womens group in the nations history
• Frances Willard urged members to do everything
• They opened kindergartens for immigrants
• Visited prisoners and asylums
• Worked for suffrage
• The reform activities provided women with
  expanded public roleswhich they used toward
  suffrage

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Promoting Moral Improvement

• Prohibition led to trouble with immigrant groups
• Anti-Saloon League the church in action against
  the saloon
• Founded 1895
• Sought to close saloons
• Tried to get laws passed to punish those who
  drank
• Endorsed politicians who opposed demon rum
• Carry Nation was a strong advocate for the
  closing of saloons
• Destroyed saloons with her hatchet
• Scolded customers
• Between 1900-1917, many states in the south and
  west had prohibited the sale, production, and use
  of alcohol

22
Above Carry Nation and her hatchet and Bible
Womens temperance movement 1873-74
23
Creating Economic Reform

• Socialism sprung out the of the Panic of 1893
• Eugene V. Debs helped organize the Socialist
  Party in 1901
• Brought about by the uneven balance of big
  business, government, and ordinary people under
  the free-market system of capitalism
• Progressives distanced themselves from Socialism,
  but knew what Debs was talking about

24
Creating Economic Reform

• Journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of
  business and public life in magazines became
  known as muckrakersrefers to Pilgrims
  Progress in which the man is so busy raking up
  the muck of this world that he does not raise his
  eyes to heaven

25
Fostering Efficiency

• Many progressives put their faith in scientific
  principles to make society and the workplace more
  efficient
• Louis Brandeis defended an Oregon Law limiting a
  womans workday to 10 hours
• Instead of focusing on the argument, he focused
  on the data produced by social scientists
  documenting the high costs of long working hours
• This type of argumentthe Brandeis Briefbecame a
  model for later reform litigation

26
Fostering Efficiency

• Fredrick Winslow Taylor began using time and
  motion to improve efficiency by breaking
  manufacturing tasks into simpler parts
• Taylorism became a management fad
• Assembly lines did speed up production, but
  required people to work like machines
• Caused high worker turnover
• Henry Ford used incentives to attract thousands
  of workers

27
Reforming Local Government

• Political bosses ran the cities and social
  problems engulfed the cities
• Natural disasters usually played a part in reform
• A hurricane and tidal wave nearly destroyed
  Galveston, TX in 1900
• The city council botched the rebuilding so badly,
  the state legislature appointed a commissionthis
  became a model for other cities
• A flood in Dayton, Ohio destroyed hundreds of
  acres without warning
• Due to the swift action of the council, Dayton
  was rebuilt much faster than Galveston 13 years
  before
• City Councils became the system of government
  used by cities

28
Galveston Hurricane 1900
Dayton Flood 1913
29
Reform Mayors

• Mayors introduced progressive reforms without
  changing how government was organized
• Hazen Pingree of Detroit
• Introduced a fair tax structure, lowered fares
  for public transportation, rooted out corruption,
  set up work relief for the unemployed
• Detroit city workers built schools, parks, and a
  municipal lighting plant
• Tom Johnson of Cleveland
• Converted the utilities to publicly owned
  enterprises
• Believed citizens should play a more active role
  in city government
• Held meetings in a large circus tent and invited
  the city to question officials about city
  management

30
Reform Governors

• Wisconsin led the way in regulating big business
  with the leadership of Robert La
  Follettefighting Bob
• His major target was the railroadhe taxed
  railroad property the same rate as other
  businesses
• Set up a commission to regulate rates
• Forbade railroads to issue free passes to state
  officials
• Other reform governors included Charles B. Aycock
  of N.C., and James S. Hogg of TX

31
Protecting Working Children

• As the number of working children increased,
  reformers worked to end child labor
• Businesses hired children because they performed
  unskilled jobs for lower wages and their small
  hands were perfect for small parts
• Immigrants sent their children to work because
  they saw them as part of the family economy
• Wages were so low for adults that children needed
  to work to make ends meet

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Protecting Working Children

• Children were more prone to accidents caused by
  fatigue
• Many developed serious health problems and
  stunted growth

34
Protecting Working Children

• The National Child Labor Committee (1904) sent
  investigators to gather evidence of children
  working in harsh conditions
• They then organized exhibitions with photographs
  and statistics to dramatize the childrens plight
• Joined by labor unions who argued that child
  labor lowered wages for all workers
• Groups pressured the government to pass the
  Keating-Owen Act in 1916
• Prohibited the transportation across state lines
  of goods produced with child labor
• 2 years later, Supreme Court declared it
  unconstitutional due to interference with states
  rights to regulate labor
• Reformers did succeed in nearly every state by
  effecting legislation that banned child labor and
  set maximum hours

35
Efforts to Limit Working Hours

• Muller v. OregonLouis D. Brandeis-assisted by
  Florence Kelley and Josephine Goldmark
• argued that poor working women were much more
  economically insecure than large corporations
• Convinced the Court to uphold law limiting women
  to a ten-hour workday
• Bunting v. OregonCourt upheld a ten-hour workday
  for men

36
Efforts to Limit Working Hours

• Progressives also succeeded in winning workers
  compensation to aid the families of workers who
  were hurt or killed on the job
• Beginning in 1902, one state after another passed
  legislation requiring employers to pay benefits
  in death cases

37
Reforming Elections

• William S. URen prompted his state of Oregon to
  adopt the scret ballot, the initiative, the
  referendum, and the recall
• The initiative and referendum gave citizens the
  power to create laws
• The recall allowed citizens to remove public
  officials from elected positions by forcing them
  to face another election before the end of their
  term if enough voters asked for it
• By 1920, 20 states adopted at least one of these
  procedures

38
Reforming Elections

• In 1899, Minnesota passed the first mandatory
  statewide primary system
• This enabled voters, instead of political
  machines, to choose candidates for public office
  through a special popular election
• About 2/3rds of the states had adopted some form
  of direct primary by 1915

39
Direct Election of Senators

• It was the success of the direct primary that
  paved the way for the 17th Amendment to the
  Constitution
• Before 1913, each states legislature had chosen
  its own U.S. senators, which put even more power
  in the hands of party bosses and wealthy
  corporation heads
• To force senators to be more responsive to the
  public, progressives pushed for the popular
  election of senators

40
Direct Election of Senators

• At first the senate did not go along with it, but
  gradually states began allowing voters to
  nominate senatorial candidates in direct
  primaries
• As a result, Congress passed the 17th amendment
  in 1912ratified 1913
• This amendment drew more attention to women in
  public life and the issue of woman suffrage

41
Women in the Work Force

• Before the civil war, women were expected to
  devote their time to their families
• By the 19th century, only upper and middle class
  women could afford to do so, poorer women had no
  choice but to work for wages outside the home
• Farm women had to attend to the household chores,
  plus, raise livestock, plow the fields, and
  harvest the crops

42
Women in the Work Force

• In cities, women found jobs at an easy rate, but
  were unable to join the unions to which had
  become so popular and necessary
• 1 out of 5 had jobs 25 in manufacturing
• The garment trade claimed about half of all women
  industrial workers
• They typically held the least skilled positions
  and were paid half as much as men
• Many were single and were presumed to only be
  supporting themselves, while men were assumed to
  be supporting families
• Women began to fill new jobs in offices, stores,
  and classrooms
• These jobs required a high school education
• By 1890, women high school graduates outnumbered
  men
• New buisiness schools were preparing women to
  work new machinessuch as the typewriterand to
  be stenographers

43
Women in the Work Force

• Many women without formal education contributed
  to their families by cleaning for other families
• After 2 million African American women were
  freed, poverty drove them to the work force
• Many migrated to cities to work as cooks,
  laundresses, scrubwomen, and maids
• By 1870, nearly 70 of women employed were
  servants

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Women in Higher Education

• Many of the women who became active in public
  life in the late 19th century had attended the
  new womens colleges
• Vassar Collegefaculty included 8 men, and 22
  womenaccepted its first students in 1865
• Smith and Wellesley Colleges followed in 1875
• Columbia, Brown, and Harvard Colleges refused to
  admit women, but each established a separate
  university for women

46
Women in Higher Education

• By the late 19th century, marriage was not the
  only alternative for women
• They either went to school or joined the work
  force
• Almost half of college-educated women in the late
  19th century did not marry
• Their skills were applied to society and reforms

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Smith College
Wellesley College
49
Women and Reform

• Because women were not allowed to vote, they
  often worked to reform from within the home
• Their social housekeeping targeted workplace
  reform, housing reform, educational improvement
  and food and drug laws

50
Women and Reform

• 1896African-American women founded the national
  Association of Colored Women (NACW) by merging
  two earlier organizations
• They managed nurseries, reading rooms and
  kindergartens
• Josephine Ruffin identified the missiion as the
  moral education of the race with which we are
  identified

51
Women and Reform

• After the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848, women
  split over the 14th and 15th amendments, which
  granted equal rights including the right to vote
  to African American men, but excluded women
• Susan B. Anthonywomens suffrage
  proponentstated I would sooner cut off my right
  hand than ask the ballot for the black man and
  not for women
• In 1869, Anthony and Stanton founded the National
  Women Suffrage Association (NWSA) which united
  with another group to become the National
  American Women Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA)

52
Three Part Strategy for Suffrage

• Suffragist leaders worked a three part strategy
• First, they tried to convince state legislatures
  to grant women the right to votethey were
  victorious in the territory of Wyoming in 1869
• Second, women pursued court cases to test the
  14th amendment
• In 1871-72, Anthony and others attempted to vote
  150 times in 10 states and D.C.
• The Supreme Court ruled in 1875, that women were
  indeed citizensbut then denied that citizenship
  automatically allowed the right to vote

53
Three Part Strategy for Suffrage

• Third, women pushed for a national constitutional
  amendment to grant women the vote
• Stanton succeeded in having the amendment
  introduced in California, but it was killed
• For 41 years, women lobbied for an amendment, but
  every time voted down

54
A Rough Riding President

• Theodore Roosevelt was elected V.P. in 1900 with
  McKinley as President
• He was nominated by Political Bosses who could
  not control himit was a plot to get him out of
  New York
• When McKinley was shot, he became the youngest
  president in U.S. history at 42 years old

55
A Rough Riding President

• Roosevelt was born in 1858 to a wealthy family in
  N.Y.
• He suffered from asthma, but overcame great
  physical feats
• He mastered marksmanship, horseback riding
• He boxed and wrestled at Harvard
• He got into politics at an early age
• Served three terms in the New York State Assembly
• New York Citys police commissioner
• Assistant secretary to the Navy

56
A Rough Riding President

• Roosevelt advocated for war against Spain in 1898
• His famous Rough Riders won public acclaim for
  its role in the battle at San Juan Hill, Cuba
• Roosevelt returned a hero and was elected
  Governor of New York and then V.P.

57
A Rough Riding President

• When he became president, he dominated the news
  with his exploits
• He was blinded in the left eye while boxing
• Galloped 100 miles on horseback just to prove it
  was possible
• He used his popularity to push his programs
  through
• His leadership and publicity campaigns helped
  shape the modern presidency
• He became the model by which new presidents would
  be measured

58
A Rough Riding President

• Roosevelt felt that the federal government should
  assume control whenever states proved incapable
  of dealing with problems
• He saw the presidency as a bully pulpit from
  which he could influence the news media and shape
  legislation
• If big business victimized workers, he saw to it
  that the people received a Square Deal
• This term is used to describe various progressive
  reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt Administration

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Trustbusting

• By 1900, trusts controlled about 4/5ths of the
  industries in the U.S.
• Some trusts, like the Standard Oil Co. had earned
  bad reputations for their unfair business
  practices
• Many had created monopolies and then took
  advantage of the lack of competitions to drive
  prices up
• The Sherman Anti-Trust Act could not help due to
  the vague language of the bill

61
Trustbusting

• Roosevelt made headlines when he ordered the
  Justice Dept. to sue the Northern Securities Co.
  for their monopoly over northwestern railroads
• In 1904, the Supreme Court dissolved the company
• Although, the administration filed 44 antitrust
  suits, winning a number of them and breaking up
  some trusts, it was unable to slow the merger
  movement of business

62
1902 Coal Strike

• 140,000 coal miners in PA
• Demanded a 20 pay raise a 9 hour workday the
  right to form a Union
• Mine operators refused5 months later, Roosevelt
  called both sides to the White House
• It was settled, due to Roosevelts threat to take
  over the minesthey would both submit their
  differences to an arbitration commissiona third
  party that would mediate the dispute

63
1902 Coal Strike

• 1903the commission had decided
• The miners won a 10 pay hike a 9 hour workday
• No Union
• And no right to strike within the next 3 years
• Roosevelt set a new precedent
• From then on, whenever a strike threatened the
  welfare of the people, the federal government
  intervened
• He also proved disputes could be handled in an
  orderly way

64
Railroad Regulation

• 1887-Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act
  to regulate railroads
• The ICC was set up to enforce the law but had
  little power
• With Roosevelts urging, Congress passed the
  Elkins Act of 1903 which made it illegal for
  railroad officials to give, and shippers to
  receive, rebates for using particular railroads
• It also stated that railroads could not change
  set rates without notifying the public

65
Railroad Regulation

• The Hepburn Act of 1906 reduced the number of
  free passes used for bribery
• It also gave the ICC power to set maximum
  railroad rates
• Its passage boosted the governments power to
  regulate railroads

66
Regulating Food and Drug

• Following Upton Sinclairs The Jungle, Roosevelt
  responded by appointing a committee to
  investigate the meat packing plants
• In 1906, roosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat
  Inspection Act
• Dictated strict cleanliness requirements for
  meatpackers and created the program of federal
  meat inspection that was in use until new
  techniques were founded in 1920

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The Jungle
68
Pure Food and Drug Act

• Before advertising regulations, manufacturers
  claimed that their products accomplished
  everything from curing cancer to growing hair
• Popular childrens medicines contained opium,
  cocaine, or alcohol
• Dr. Harvey Washington Wiley, chief chemist for
  Dept. of Agriculture, criticized manufacturers
  for using harsh preservatives
• 1906-Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act,
  which halted the sale of contaminated foods and
  medicines and called for truth labeling
• It did not ban harmful products outright, but did
  prove that if given correct information, people
  will act wisely

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Conservation Measures

• Despite the establishment of the U.S. Forest
  Bureau in 1887 and withdrawal from public sale 45
  million acres of forest for reserve
• In the late 19th century, Americans exploited
  their natural environment
• Pioneer farmers leveled forests and plowed up
  prairies
• Ranchers allowed their cattle to overgraze the
  plains
• Coal companies cluttered the land with refuse
  from mines
• Lumber companies ignored the effect of logging
  operations on flood control and neglected to
  plant trees to replace the ones lost

71
Conservation Measures

• Cities also dumped untreated sewage and
  industrial wastes into rivers, poisoning the
  streams and creating health hazards

72
Conservation Measures

• Roosevelt condemned the view that U.S. resources
  were endless
• He made conservation the primary concern
• John Muir persuaded the president to set aside
  148 million acres of forest reserves
• He also set aside 1.5 million acres of
  water-power sites and another 80 million that
  experts from the U.S. Geological Survey would
  explore for mineral and water resources

73
Conservation Measures

• Roosevelt established over 50 wildlife
  sanctuaries and several national parks
• In 1905, Roosevelt named Gifford Pinchot as head
  of the U.S. Forest Service
• He was a professional conservationist who advised
  Roosevelt to conserve forest and grazing lands by
  keeping large tracts of federal land exempt from
  private sale
• Roosevelt and Pinchot did not share the same
  views as Muirwho said the wilderness should be
  completely preserved
• They viewed conservationism as preserving some
  wilderness while others would be used for the
  common good

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Gifford PinchotJohn Muir
75
Conservation Measures

• Under the National Reclamation Act of 1902, money
  from the sale of public lands in the West funded
  large-scale irrigation projects, such as the
  Roosevelt Dam in Arizona and the Shoshone Dam in
  Wyoming
• The Newlands Act (National Reclamation Act of
  1902) established the precedent that the federal
  government would manage the precious water
  resources of the West

76
Roosevelt and Civil Rights

• Roosevelts concern for Civil Rights did not
  match his concern for conservation
• Roosevelts father was from the North, but his
  mother was the epitome of a southern belle
• Like other progressives, Roosevelt failed to
  support Civil Rights for African-Americanshe did
  support individuals though
• He appointed an African-American as head of the
  Charleston, SC customhouse
• As a symbolic gesture, he invited Booker T.
  Washington to the White House
• However, he did dismiss an entire black regiment
  accused with conspiracy of protecting others
  charged with murder in Brownsville, Texas

77
Roosevelt and Civil Rights

• Washingtons visit to the White House was
  criticized by Du Boisfor his accommodation of
  segregationists and for blaming black poverty on
  blacks and urging them to accept discrimination
• Du Bois and other advocates held a Civil Rights
  Conference at Niagara Falls in 1905
• In 1909, African-Americans and whites joined
  together to form the NAACP (National Association
  for the Advancement of Colored People)
• The NAACP aimed for nothing less than full
  equality among the races
• That goal found little support in the Progressive
  Movement
• The two presidents that followed also did nothing
  to advance racial equality

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Founders of the NAACP Morrfield Storey, Mary
Ovington, Du Bois
79
Taft Becomes President

• William Howard Taft became president in 1904
  after being handpicked by Roosevelt
• William Jennings Bryan was the opponent
• Vote for Taft this time. Vote for Bryan any
  time
• Republicans had an easy victory

80
Taft Stumbles

• Taft pursued a cautiously progressive agenda
• He sought to consolidate rather than expand
  Roosevelts reforms
• He received little credit for his accomplishments
• His legal victories, such as busting 90 trusts in
  a four-year term, did not boost his popularity
• Taft hesitated to use the presidency as a bully
  pulpit

81
Payne-Aldrich Tariff

• Taft campaigned on lower tariffs
• The house proposed the Payne bill that lowered
  tariffs
• The senate proposed the Aldrich bill that made
  fewer cuts and increased many rates
• Amid cries of betrayal from the progressive wing,
  Taft signed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff
• It only moderated the high rates of the Aldrich
  Bill
• He made his difficulties worse when he stated it
  was the best bill the Republican party ever
  passed

82
Disputing Public Lands

• Taft angered conservationists by appointing
  Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior
• Ballinger disapproved of conservation of land in
  the West, and removed 1 million acres of forest
  and mining lands from the reserved list
• When an employee was fired for speaking out, he
  wrote a muckraking article against Ballinger

83
Disputing Public Lands

• After the article was published and Pinchot had
  spoken out against Ballinger, Taft fired Pinchot
  from the U.S. Forest Service

84
Problems Within the Party

• Republican conservatives and progressives split
  over Tafts support of the political boss Joseph
  CannonSpeaker of the House
• Uncle Joe often disregarded seniority in
  filling committee slots and disregarded or
  weakened progressive bills
• Reform minded Republicans decided that their only
  alternative was to strip Cannon of his power
• With the help of democrats, they succeeded in
  March 1910
• They created a resolution that called for the
  entire House to elect the Committee on Rules
  without the Speaker

85
Problems Within the Party

• By midterm elections of 1910, the voters voiced
  their opinions over the high cost of living,
  which they blamed on the Payne-Aldrich Tariff
• They also believed Taft to be against
  conservation
• The Republicans lost the elections and the
  Democrats had gained control for the first time
  in 18 years

86
Bull Moose Party

• While Taft was running the country, Roosevelt was
  on Safari in Africa
• He returned to a heroes welcome and gave a speech
  proposing New Nationalismthe federal
  government would exert its power over the welfare
  of the people
• By 1912, displeased with Taft, he decided to run
  for president again
• The primaries showed Roosevelt the favorite, but
  Taft had the advantage of being the incumbant

87
Bull Moose Party

• Taft delegates moved to make Roosevelts
  delegates Taft delegates
• TRs delegates would have none of that and they
  formed a new party, the Progressive Party
• They would soon be known as the Bull Moose Party
  after Roosevelts boast that he was as strong as
  a bull moose
• The partys platform called for
• the direct election of senators,
• adoption of initiative, referendum, and recall,
• woman suffrage,
• workmens compensation,
• an eight hour work-day,
• a minimum wage for women,
• A federal law agains tchild labor,
• And a federal trade commission to regulate
  business

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Bull Moose Party

• The split in Republican ranks handed the
  Democrats their first real chance at the White
  House since the election of Grover Cleveland in
  1892
• Woodrow Wilson, a reform governor, became their
  candidate in 1912
• He went on to win the election

89
Democrats in the White House

• The election had offered voters choices
• Wilsons New Freedom
• Tafts conservatism
• Roosevelts progressivism
• Eugene V. Debs and the Socialist Party
• Both Roosevelt and Wilson supported stronger
  government, but in different ways
• Debs was against capitalism
• Taft was in the middle of the road

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Democrats in the White House

• Winning only 42 of the vote, Wilson won an
  overwhelming majority of electoral votes
• With his election he could claim a mandate to
  break up trusts and expand the governments role
  in social reform

91
Wilson Wins Financial Reforms

• Wilson claimed progressive ideals, but had a
  different approach than Roosevelt

92
Wilsons Background

• Wilson spent his youth in the South during the
  Civil War and Reconstruction
• The son of a Presbyterian minister, he received a
  strict upbringing
• He worked as a lawyer, a history professor, and
  later as president of Princeton University
• In 1910, he became governor of New Jersey
• As president, he moved to enact his New Freedom

93
Two Key Antitrust Measures

• During Wilsons administration, Congress enacted
  two anti-trust measures
• Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 sought to
  strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
• Prohibited corporations from acquiring the stock
  of another if doing so would create a monopoly
  if a company violated the law, its officers could
  be prosecuted
• The Clayton Act also specified that labor unions
  and farm organizations not only had a right to
  exist but also would no longer be subject to
  antitrust laws

94
Two Key Antitrust Measures

• The Clayton Antitrust Act made strikes, peaceful
  picketing, boycotts, and the collection of strike
  benefits became legal
• Injunctions against strikers were prohibited
  unless damage was incurred
• Samuel Gompers (AFL) called it a Magna Carta of
  Labor

95
Two Key Antitrust Measures

• The second major antitrust measure, the Federal
  Trade Commission Act of 1914, set up the Federal
  Trade Commission
• The watchdog agency was given the power to
  investigate possible violations of regulatory
  statutes, to require periodic reports from
  corporations, and to put an end to a number of
  unfair business practices

96
Two Key Antitrust Measures

• Under Wilson, the FTC administered almost 400
  cease and desist orders to companies engaged in
  illegal activity

97
A New Tax System

• In an effort to curb big business, Wilson worked
  to lower tariff rates
• Wilson lobbied hard in 1913 for the Underwood
  Act, which would reduce tariff rates for the
  first time since the Civil War
• Business lobbied to block tariff reductions
• Because of the new presidents use of the bully
  pulpit, the Senate voted to cut tariff rates even
  more deeply than the House had done

98
Federal Income Tax

• With lower tariffs, the government needed to make
  up the revenue that was lost
• The 16th amendment, ratified in 1913, legalized a
  graduated federal income tax, which provided
  revenue by taxing individual earnings and
  corporate profits
• The Graduated Taxtaxed higher incomes more than
  incomes in the bottom bracket

99
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100
Federal Reserve System

• Wilson, next, turned his attention to financial
  reform
• The nation needed a way to strengthen the banks
  and adjust to the amount of money in circulation
• the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 divided the
  nation into 12 districts and established a
  regional central bank in each districtthese
  banks then served the other banks

101
Federal Reserve Banks

• The new banks could issue new paper currency in
  emergency situations, and member banks could use
  the new currency to make loans to their customers
• By 1923, 70 of the nations banking resources
  were part of the Federal Reserve System

102
Local Suffrage Battles

• The suffrage movement was given new strength by
  growing numbers of college-educated women
• Two Massachusetts organizations, the Boston Equal
  Suffrage Association for Good Government and the
  College Equal Suffrage league, used door-to-door
  campaigns to reach potential supporters
• Founded by Maud Wood Park, the Boston group
  spread the message to the poor and working-class
  women

103
Local Suffrage Battles

• Trolley cars would stop at each stop where crowds
  would gather to hear a woman speaking in public
• Many wealthy young women who visited Europe as
  part of their education became involved in the
  suffrage movement in Britain
• Inspired by British acts, American women returned
  to the U.S. armed with similar approaches in
  their own campaigns for suffrage

104
Catt and the National Government

• Carrie Chapman Catt became the president of NAWSA
  and served from 1900-04 and resumed the
  presidency in 1915
• When she returned she concentrated on five
  tactics
• Painstaking organization
• Close ties between local, state, and national
  workers
• Establishing a wide base of support
• Cautious lobbying
• Gracious ladylike behavior

105
Catt and the National Government

• Although suffragists saw victories, the greater
  number of failures led some to radical tactics
• Lucy Burns and Alice Paul formed their own more
  radical organization, the Congressional Union,
  and its successor the National Womans Party
• They pressured the federal government to pass a
  suffrage amendment, and by 1917 Paul had
  organized her followers to mount a
  round-the-clock picket line around the White
  House
• Picketers were arrested, jailed, and even
  force-fed when they attempted a hunger strike

106
Catt and the National Government

• The 19th amendment was ratified in 1920 granting
  women the right to vote72 years after women had
  first convened and demanded the vote at the
  Seneca Falls convention in 1848

107
Wilson and Civil Rights

• Wilson retreated from Civil Rights issues
• During the campaign, he won support of the
  NAACPs black intellectuals and white liberals by
  promising to treat blacks equally and to speak
  out against lynching
• Wilson opposed federal anti-lynching legislation,
  arguing that these crimes fell under state
  jurisdiction

108
Wilson and Civil Rights

• Segregation continued under Wilsons
  administration
• Wilson appointed to his cabinet fellow white
  Southerners who extended segregation
• The NAACP felt betrayed
• On November 12, 1914, the presidents reception
  of an African-American delegation brought the
  confrontation to a bitter climax
• William Trotter, editor-in-chief of the Guardian,
  an African-American Boston newspaper, let the
  delegation
• Trotter complained that African Americans from 38
  states had asked the president to reverse the
  segregation of government employees, but that
  segregation had since increased

109
Wilson and Civil Rights

• An angry Trotter shook his finger at the
  president to emphasize a point, the furious
  Wilson demanded that the delegation leave
• Wilsons refusal to extend civil rights to
  African Americans pointed to the limits of
  progressivism under his administration

110
The Twilight of Progressivism

• The outbreak of war in 1914 demanded Americas
  involvement
• WWI would dominate Wilsons presidency, and the
  Progressive Era would come to an end