Progressive Movement 1901-1921

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Progressive Movement1901-1921
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Standard 11.2.9

• Understand the effects of political programs and
  activities of the Progressives.

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Progressive Movement

• Introduction

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Progressive Movement

• They wanted to improve society.
• They wanted people to participate in government.
• The progressives wanted social justice.

What is the Progressive movement?
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Groups affected by the Progressive Movement

• Farmers wanted protection from the railroads,
  lower tariff.
• Middle Class wanted protection from giant trusts
  and political machines.
• Workers wanted safe working conditions and fair
  wages

Who was part of the Progressive movement?
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Groups affected by the Progressive Movement

• People who worked in factories.
• People who wrote about the injustices in big
  business.
• Corporate Leaders had to change their business
  practices.
• Children who worked long hours.
• Farmers sought better money for their crops.

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Groups affected by the Progressive Movement

• The Populists, a third party, expressed farmers
  grievances.
• The Populists wanted to restore government to
  the people.

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Ida Tarbell wrote an article on the corruption
of Standard Oil
Rockefeller and his associates did not build the
Standard Oil Co. in the board rooms of Wall
Street banks. They fought their way to control by
rebate and drawback, bribe and blackmail,
espionage and price cutting, by ruthless ...
efficiency of organization.
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Upton Sinclair- The Jungle (the meat packing
industry)
"Here is a population, low-class and mostly
foreign, hanging always on the verge of
starvation and dependent for its opportunities of
life upon the whim of men every bit as brutal and
unscrupulous as the old-time slave drivers under
such circumstances, immorality is exactly as
inevitable, and as prevalent, as it is under the
system of chattel slavery." Chapter 10, pg. 126
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Frank Norris- The Octopus (the struggles of
railroad workers wheat growers)
The People have a right to the Truth as they
have a right to life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness.
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Lincoln Steffen wrote about political corruption

• He wrote about political corruption in St. Louis
  and compared the corruption to Boss Tweed in New
  York. The article appeared in Mc Clures

Power is what men seek and any group that
gets it will abuse it.
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IMMIGRATION ISSUES

• PART I

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Rise of Immigration

• Many immigrants came from Southern or Eastern
  Europe.
• They were Catholic, Jewish or Greek Orthodox,
  Canadians, Armenians and Arabs.
• They came for religious freedom and to escape
  poverty.
• US became a melting pot of groups.
• The immigrants stayed within their own
  communities.

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Anti-immigration laws

• The government wanted to restrict the number of
  immigrants.
• They passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1888. It
  denied the citizenship to Chinese immigrants and
  stopped the immigration of Chinese labors.

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URBAN ISSUES

• PART II

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Improvement of American Society-Urban Living

• City landscapes changed because of the rise of
  immigrants and migrants moving into the city.
• With the creation of elevators by Elisha Otis,
  skyscrapers were built.
• Mass transit like commuter trains, subways and
  trolley made it easier for people to move around.

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Problem with Urban Living Tenements

• They were dark, airless buildings where 12 or
  more families lived on one floor.
• Outside the tenements, it was dirty, lots of
  pollution from the factories and lots of garbage.

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Problems with Urban Living Tenements

• Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives. It
  dealt with living in the slums.
• Diseases such as tuberculosis spread throughout
  the slums.

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Improvement of Living Styles

• The Middle Class and upper class moved to suburbs
  to escape the congestion and filth of the cities.
• The progressive leaders passed laws that
  regulated how buildings were built.
• Buildings have fire escapes
• Better air and light requirements
• Room size
• sanitation

How did peoples lives improve?
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LABOR ISSUES

• PART III

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Labor Issues

• Workers worked in unsafe conditions
• Breathing sawdust in the factories
• Breathing coal dust in the mines
• Workers wanted higher wages
• Workers wanted shorter work days
• Workers received workers compensation and
  insurance in 1902
• The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Big
  Business because it violated workers liberty to
  work.

What were the labor issues?
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Labor Unrest

• Workers who worked long hours and unsafe
  conditions began to protest.
• The Great Upheaval, in 1886, meant intense
  strikes and violent confrontations.
• There were coal strikes, factory strikes and
  railroad strikes.
• There was lots of mob violence.

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Labor Unions-were created to protect the workers

• National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor
  began to form unions but they failed to achieve
  power
• The American Federation of Labor (AFl) was more
  successful.
• Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or wobblies
  fought for worker rights.
• The union worked for political power.

Why were the unions created?
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Samuel Gompers
What does labor want? We want more schoolhouses
and less jails more books and less arsenals
more learning and less vice more leisure and
less greed more justice and less revenge in
fact, more of the opportunities to cultivate our
better natures. Samuel Gompers

• Samuel Gompers of AFL pushed for union
  bargaining power.
• He changed the organization of the union.
• He called the craft groups federations, and they
  worked together in strikes and boycotts.

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Labor Reform Child Labor

• Florence Kelley led the National Child Labor
  Committee
• Some states ended the employment of children
• Some states reduced the number of hours children
  could work.

In order to be rated as good as a good man in
the field of her earnings, she must show herself
better than he. She must be more steady, or more
trustworthy, or more skilled, or more cheap in
order to have the same chance of employment.
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Labor Reform Minimum Wage

• Massachusetts passed the first minimum- wage law.
• Many other states set a wage base.
• In 1938, the government finally passed a
  minimum-wage law for all workers.

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REFORM MOVEMENT

• PART IV

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Social and Economic Reforms

• Protection for farmers, tenement dwellers,
  consumers
• Expand government regulation to protect the
  economy and public interest
• Regulation of the railroads, public utilities

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The Interstate Commerce Act

• In 1887, The Interstate Commerce Act prohibited
  Railroad owners from price fixing and dividing
  certain areas to protect their interest.
• The Interstate Commerce Commission would enforce
  the law.

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Reform ProgramsJane Addams

• There was a rise of poverty, so social programs
  were established.
• Settlement Houses were community centers.
• Jane Addams established
• Hull House

Civilization is a method of living and an
attitude of equal respect for all people. Jane
Addams
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Reform ProgramsSocial Gospel

• There was a rise of poverty, so social programs
  were established.
• Social Gospel was a belief in applying Christian
  values to solve societys problems

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Reform ProgramsThe Salvation Army

• There was a rise of poverty, so social programs
  were established.
• The Salvation Army helped with putting people on
  the path of physical and spiritual salvation

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Booker T. Washington A Social Reformer

• He established Tuskegee Institute in 1881.
• He believed that Negroes could succeed in society
  if Negroes had economic power.
• Having economic power would lead to political
  power

I have learned that success is to be measured
not so much by the position that one has reached
in life as by the obstacles which he has had to
overcome while trying to succeed.
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YMCA

• The YMCA (or Young Men's Christian Association)
  is an ecumenical Christian organization seeking
  to provide support for young people and their
  activities.
• It states its goal as "seeking to build a human
  community of justice with love, peace and
  reconciliation."

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Social Darwinism

• Carnegie was opposed to giving out handouts and
  direct aid to the poor.
• He believed in the theory of Social Darwinism. It
  states that the fittest people would rise to
  power and unfit would fail.
• Carnegie supported philanthropy which is giving
  to charities to promote public welfare. He gave
  350 million to charties

What is Social Darwinism?
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Social Darwinism

• Yale Professor-William Graham Sumner supported
  Social Darwinism
• He also originated the concept of ethnocentrism,
  a term now commonly used to designate attitudes
  of superiority about one's own group in
  comparison with others.

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Social Darwinism
A drunkard in the gutter is just where he ought
to be, according to the fitness and tendency of
things. Nature has set upon him the process of
decline and dissolution by which she removes
things which have survived their usefulness.
William Graham Sumner
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Temperance Movement

• There was a movement to ban the use of Alcohol.
• The 18th Amendment banned the use and
  manufacturing of alcohol.

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Billy SundayLed the Temperance Movement
Billy Sunday stated the saloon was the sum of
all villainies and the parent of crimes and the
mother of sin. He led the temperance movement.
After all is said that can be said upon the
liquor traffic, its influence is degrading upon
the individual, the family, politics and
business, and upon everything that you touch in
this old world.
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POLITICAL REFORM

• PART V

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Political Machines

• The political machine consisted of three
  elements
• part bosses or a county committee, which governed
  the party, machine and controlled the
  politicians
• election district captains who mobilized and
  organized support at the neighborhood level
• party loyalists who supported the machine with
  votes and financial support in return for jobs,
  favors and help provided by bosses and election
  district captains.

What were the political machines?
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Political Machines

• Boss Tweed led the political machine in New York
  ( Tammany Hall)
• He received lots of kickback from political
  leaders.
• He was to become a symbol of corruption in
  government.

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Boss Tweed lead the political machines
The way to have power is to take it.
I don't care who does the electing, so long as
I get to do the nominating.
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Political Reform

• stop political machines
• city managers would reduce the power of political
  machines
• Direct primaries -people would elect leaders
  rather parties
• initiative-introduce legislation
• Referendum-petition legislation
• Recall- be able to remove an elected official

What were the political reforms?
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Political Reform

• 16th Amendment -Income Tax was authorized
  because it would make up for the lost revenue in
  lowering tariffs
• 17th Amendment -Direct election of senators
  because it would give more power to the people.

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Political Reform

• 18th Amendment- Alcohol was banned
• 19th Amendment -Women were allowed to vote

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POLITICAL LEADERS

• PART VI

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Political Reformers

• Charles Evan Hughes- a lawyer
• regulated the insurance and protected the
  companies.

Who were the political reformers?

• Robert La Follette-Governor of Wisconsin
• brought the direct primary to Wisconsin which
  let the citizen vote for candidate.
• Responsible for the initiative, recall and
  referendum

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Political Reformers

• Hiram Johnson was governor and senator for
  California and led the Bull Moose Party
• He backed strongly progressive bills
• a state civil service system,
• eight-hour works days for women,
• strong guidelines for child labor.
• success in limiting the power of the railroads
  that gained him national attention. A new State
  Utilities Act gave the state railroad commission
  sweeping powers.

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Political LeaderTeddy Roosevelt

• Governor of New York
• Led the Rough Riders
• At age 42, youngest elected President
• Vice President of Mc Kinley
• Wanted to give a Square Deal for all Americans

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Teddy RooseveltThe Square Deal

• Trustbusting was breaking the power of
  monopolies.
• He was a trustbuster- Northern Securities Company
  which controlled the railroad in the northwest
• Settle the Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)
• Conservation President-national parks the land
  was protected from industry
• Newland Act (1902)- money for irrigation projects

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Teddy RooseveltThe Square Deal

• In 1906, he signed the Meat Inspection Act which
  required the government to inspect meat shipped
  from one state to another.
• Pure Food and Drug Act-protected the consumer
  from unsafe medicines and food

A man who is good enough to shed his blood for
his country is good enough to be given a square
deal afterwards. Teddy Roosevelt
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Teddy RooseveltThe Square Deal

• Foreign Policies
• Control the Panama Canal
• Roosevelt Collary -US would protect the Western
  Hemisphere
• Settle the Russo-Japanese War
• Gentlemens Agreement-stop immigration of
  Japanese.

Speak softly and carry a big stick. Teddy
Roosevelt
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Howard Taft

• He was a judge and governor
• Later, he became the Chief Justice in the Supreme
  Court
• His policies as President
• He supported the 16th Amendment
• Established the Tariff Board which kept track of
  tariffs.
• Supported the 17th Amendment

Presidents come and go, but the Supreme Court
goes on forever. President Taft
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Woodrow WilsonThe New Freedom

• President of Princeton
• Governor of New Jersey
• Historian and intellectual

Wanted to preserve and strengthen our
democratic and capitalistic society Woodrow
Wilson
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Woodrow WilsonThe New Freedom

• Important legislation
• Underwood Tariff -reduce tariff rates
• Federal Reserve Act- improve banking industry by
  spreading the power of the banks and people can
  get credit.
• Clayton Act- improve anti-trust regulation
• Admanson Act- 8 hours day for railroad workers
• Federal Farm Loan Act- low interest for farmers

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Woodrow WilsonThe New Freedom

• Foreign Issues
• Problems with Mexico
• Led the troops in World War I
• Wrote the 14 Points
• Formed the League of Nations- Congress voted
  against participation

We are citizens of the world. The tragedy of
our times is that we do not know this.
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End of Progressive Movement

• Most Americans were worried about World War I.
• President Wilson had a stroke that ended his
  leadership.

There is no higher religion than human service.
To work for the common good is the greatest
creed. President Woodrow Wilson