SSUSH2 The student will trace the ways that the economy and society of British North America developed.

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SSUSH2 The student will trace the ways that the
economy and society of British North America
developed.

• A. Explain the development of mercantilism and
  the trans-Atlantic trade.

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Trans-Atlantic Trade

• Characterized by competition between European
  nations as they sought to increase power and gain
  wealth through mercantilism
• Involved colonies as locations that provided
  resources
• Leads to trading of slaves and expansion of
  institution of slavery in America

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Economic Development

• Mercantilism economic principle followed by
  European nations during colonial era
• Included concepts of
• 1) acquire and maintain wealth to
• increase power in world
• 2) export more than imported
• (favorable balance of trade)
• 3) acquire colonies to provide resources
• needed by mother country

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Mercantilism

• Mercantilism also inspired Parliament to control
  transatlantic trade with its American colonies by
  passing the Navigation Acts in the 1660s.
• All goods shipped to or from British North
  America had to travel in British ships, and any
  goods exported to Europe had to land first in
  Britain to pay British taxes.
• Some goods could be exported to Britain only.
• These restrictions were designed to keep the
  colonies from competing against Britain.
• Some Americans responded by becoming smugglers.

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Mercantilism

• Mercantilism inspired the British government to
  view its American colonies as sources of wealth
  that would make Britain wealthier stronger.
• The more land the British could colonize in
  America, the less land in the New World there
  would be for France other European countries.
• The more American goods the British could sell to
  other countries, the less money those countries
  would have for themselves.
• Great Britain would get stronger, its European
  rivals would get weaker.

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SSUSH2 The student will trace the ways that the
economy and society of British North America
developed.

• B. Describe the Middle Passage, growth of the
  African population, and African-American culture.

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Middle Passage

• Refers to trans-atlantic journey made by
  African slaves (16th-18th centuries)
• One leg of the Triangular Trade that evolved
  across the Atlantic Ocean (Africa, Europe,
  Americas)

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Triangular Trade routes in transatlantic trade
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Pictures from Tom Feelings 1995 Book The
Middle Passage White Ships, Black Cargo
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Growth of the African Population

• As tobacco farmers and other cash-crop farmers
  prospered, they greatly expanded the size of
  their farms.
• There were never enough workers available to
  plant, grow, harvest the crops, so farmers
  turned to African slaves to do this work.
• Many white colonists believed every black person
  was a savage who needed to be taken care of by
  white people.

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Growth of the African Population

• When the Virginia Company founded Jamestown in
  1607, there were no African slaves in British
  North America.
• By 1700, however, there were thousands of African
  slaves throughout the British colonies.
• The vast majority of these slaves were located in
  the southern colonies, where they supplied the
  labor required to support the regions
  agriculturally based economy.

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Growth of the African population

• By 1768, the English slave trade had a figure of
  53,000 slaves a year being shipped to the North
  American continent. Other slave traders included
  the French at 23,000, the Dutch at 11,000, and
  the Portuguese at 8,700 slaves being transported
  yearly from Africa. Estimates of up to 10 million
  slaves took the Middle Passage Voyage to reach
  the Americas.

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The Middle Passage

• The sea voyage that carried Africans to North
  America was called the Middle Passage because it
  was the middle portion of a three-way voyage made
  by the slave ships.
• First, British ships loaded with rum, cloth, and
  other English goods sailed to Africa, where they
  were traded for Africans originally enslaved by
  other Africans.
• Then, in the Middle Passage, the slaves would be
  transported to the New World.

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The Middle Passage

• The crew would buy tobacco and other American
  goods using profits they made from selling the
  slaves in the colonies, they would ship the
  tobacco and goods back to Britain.
• This process was repeated for decades.
• It was said that people in the colonial port
  cities could smell the slave ships arriving
  before they could see them.
• The slaves were packed like bundles of firewood.
• About two of every ten slaves died during the
  passage.

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African American Culture

• In America, slaves attempted to make the best
  of their lives while living under the worst of
  circumstances.
• Slave communities were rich with music, dance,
  basket weaving, pottery making.
• Enslaved Africans brought with them the arts
  crafts skills of their various tribes.
• Indeed, there could be a hundred slaves working
  on one farm each slave might come from a
  different tribe a different part of Africa.

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SSUSH2 The student will trace the ways that the
economy and society of British North America
developed.

• C. Identify Benjamin Franklin as a symbol of
  social mobility and individualism.

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Benjamin Franklin

• Scientist
• Inventor
• American Statesman
• Philosopher
• Musician
• Economist
• Printer
• Librarian
• American Individual

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• Born January 17, 1706
• Franklin died on April 17, 1790 at the age of 84.
  20,000 people attended the funeral

Benjamin Franklin An American Life - Benjamin
Franklin, writes journalist and biographer Walter
Isaacson, was that rare Founding Father. The
revolutionary leader represents a political
tradition that has been all but forgotten today,
one that prizes pragmatism over moralism,
religious tolerance over fundamentalist rigidity,
and social mobility over class privilege.
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• America Land of the Self-Made Man
• Benjamin Franklin best exemplified and first
  publicized America as the land of the mobile
  society. "He is the prototype of the self-made
  man, and his life is the classic American success
  story the story of a man rising from the most
  obscure of origins to wealth and international
  preeminence," one of his many biographers, Gordon
  S. Wood, wrote in 2004.

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Benjamin Franklin (2c)

• Benjamin Franklin, along with George Washington,
  is the best known of Americas Founding Fathers.
• Franklin was born into a poor Boston family in
  1706.
• At age 12, he became an apprentice to one of his
  brothers, who was a printer.
• At age 17, Franklin ran away to Philadelphia to
  start a life of his own choosing, independent
  from his family.
• A few months later he sailed to London to gain
  more experience in the printing business.

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Benjamin Franklin (2c)

• He returned to Philadelphia in 1726 as an
  experienced printer, writer, and businessman.
• These are just some examples of how, throughout
  his life, Franklin sought ways to improve himself
  (individualism) to rise in society (social
  mobility).
• Over his 84- year life, Franklin succeeded in
  making himself one of the worlds leading
  authors, philosophers, scientists, inventors,
  politicians.

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A penny saved is a penny earned.
Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man
healthy, wealthy and wise. -- Thoughts by
Benjamin Franklin from Poor Richard's Almanac.
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Albany Plan of Union
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SSUSH2 The student will trace the ways that the
economy and society of British North America
developed.

• D. Explain the significance of the Great
  Awakening.

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The Great Awakening

• Between 1720 and 1750 a widespread and intense
  revival of interest in religion occurred in the
  American colonies, a phenomenon that supporters
  called the Great Awakening.

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George Whitefield
The most famous contributor to this contagious
religious response was the English itinerant
preacher George Whitefield.
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The Great Awakening

• Christian worship changed in the northeastern
  colonies in the 1730s 1740s.
• Ministers said people would feel Gods love only
  if they admitted their sins.
• People were told that each believer should seek
  his or her own personal emotional relationship
  with God, that doing this was more important
  than the Puritan idea of congregations gathering
  together to hear intellectual sermons.
• These ministers attracted enormous audiences
  often traveled from colony to colony to preach to
  anyone who wanted to listen, regardless of what
  church he or she might belong to.

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The Great Awakening

• Christianity grew, although established churches
  lost members to the new way of Christian worship.
  
• Some preachers said American society had become
  as corrupt as the English society the colonists
  ancestors had escaped.
• As a result, some people started saying that
  America needed to cut its ties with Britain to
  keep its religion pure.
• Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield were two of
  the most famous preachers of the Great Awakening.

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Impact of the Great Awakening

• A. New colleges to train
  ministers--Princeton,
• Brown, Rutgers
• B. Divisions in denominations differences
  between those who
• defined religion as a rational process
  (old lights) and those who
• focused on experience (new lights).
• C. Development of revivalism tradition in
  American religion. Future
• outbreaks
• 1) Second Great Awakening in first half of
  19th century--camp
• meetings and frontier revivals
  featuring emotional appeals and
• spontaneous religious expressions
• 2) Charles G. Finney and Dwight Moody--19th
  century urban
• revivalism with campaigns in many
  cities
• 3) Billy Sunday, Billy Graham and mass
  meetings--20th century
• revivalism

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Geographic Regions Economies

• New England lumber, fishing, merchants
• Middle wheat, bread basket colonies
• Southern Plantation system, tobacco, rice, indigo