AP WORLD HISTORY

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AP WORLD HISTORY

• Power Review Session 1
• Early Civilizations
• (Pre-History to 600 BCE)

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THE PALEOLITHIC AGE

• 2,500,000 BCE - 10,000 BCE
• Hunting/Gathering small bands of people required
  gender equality because both men and women
  contributed to survival
• Mostly nomadic but some permanent settlements
  were established in areas with abundant food
  resources (grains, fish)
• Neanderthal Man first fully modern human beings
  (physically and mentally) with belief in
  afterlife and burials
• Cro-Magnon Man interested in arts, used caves
  for shelters

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HOMO SAPIEN SAPIEN(40,000 BCE Present)

• Modern human beings
• Eventually forced the extinction of other
  hominids like Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons
• Will eventually lead the Neolithic Revolution!

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The Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution

• Circa 8000 BCE in river valleyswhy?
• Hunting and gathering lifestyle loses out to
  settled agriculture
• People plant crops and stay in one location to
  reap harvests
• Huge change for humankind!

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THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION LEADS TO

• CIVILIZATIONS!
• Advanced cities
• Specialized workers and social classes
• Record keeping
• Art and architecture
• Advanced technology
• Complex institutions
• Governments
• Economic systems
• Religions/philosophies

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THE NEOLITHIC AGE8000 BCE 3000 BCE

• Food surplus led to population boom
• Permanent settlements and communities develop,
  along with the idea of private property
• Development of farming technology, art,
  architecture, language, job specialization,
  irrigation, etc.
• Development of cities like Catal Huyuk and
  Jericho

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RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

• MESOPOTAMIA The Cradle of Civilization
• The Fertile Crescent had good arable land in the
  middle of the desert, making it sought after and
  fought over, allowing many different groups to
  control this area (Babylonians, Assyrians,
  Hittites, Akkadians)

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BABYLONIAN EMPIRE

• King Hammurabi, the Judge
• Centralized bureaucratic government
• Taxation system
• First written code of laws (Hammurabis Code)
• Showed social inequalities (different levels of
  protection)

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SUMERIAN CITY-STATES3000 BCE

• Successful agriculture, irrigation systems
• Writing, came up with cuneiform
• Use of the wheel
• 12 month calendar
• Polytheistic with anthropomorphic gods (deities
  had human like traits, often used religious
  beliefs to explain the natural world)
• Built ziggurats

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PEOPLE OF THE FERTILE CRESCENT

• Hittites iron ore extraction gt tools and weapons
• Assyrians centralized bureaucracy, brutal
  military conquests
• Phoenicians first alphabet strong traders
• Hebrews monotheistic empire builders

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ANCIENT EGYPTold, middle, and new kingdoms

• Rich soil in Nile River valley
• Led by Pharaoh leader with total power
• Water management, pyramids, astronomy,
  hieroglyphs, mummification, gold, calendar
• Polytheistic
• Women had some rights (property, divorce, ruled
  as pharaohs) but still subservient to men
• Social Hierarchy Pharaoh, priest, noble,
  merchant, artisan, peasant, slave
• Empire crumbles and is conquered by 1100 BCE

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SHANG DYNASTY CHINA1700 BCE-1100 BCE

• Stable, agricultural surplus, trade-centered
• Northern China, ,walled cities, strong army with
  chariots
• The Middle Kingdom world view develops
• Bronze, pottery, silk, decimal system, calendar
• Patriarchal, polytheistic, ancestor veneration,
  oracle bones (pre-Confucian)
• Bureaucracy already starting
• Most people were agricultural serfs with limited
  freedom others were artisans/craftsmen

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SHANG DYNASTY CHINA
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ZHOU DYNASTY CHINA1100 BCE 256 BCE

• Replaced the ShangMandate of Heaven used and
  will be part of Chinese political history for
  millennia
• Ruled for 900 years keeping traditions
• Feudal system in place with bureaucracy to help
  manage the growing empire
• War amongst feudal kingdoms finally caused
  collapse

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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS3300 BCE 1700 BCE

• Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
• Geography limited contact with outsiders
• Master planned, water systems, strong central
  government, polytheistic, written language
• Pottery, cotton, cloth
• Cities abandoned for unknown reason
• Aryans invade circa 1500 BCE

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THE ARYANS

• THE VEDIC AGE IN INDIA, 1500 BCE-500 BCE
• THEORY Aryans were Central Asian nomads who
  conquered the region of modern day India
• Holy books (the Vedas and Upanishads) form the
  basis for Hinduism
• Caste system in place (strict social hierarchy)
• Priests, Warriors, Landowners, Merchants,
  Peasants, Untouchables

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Theoretical Aryan Migrations
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BANTU MIGRATIONS

• Around 1500 BCE agriculturalists in West Africa
  began migrating to the south and east, taking
  their culture and technology with them
• These migrations lasted for 2000 years
• Bantu farmers displaced nomads and changed Africa
  forever

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THE AMERICAS

• Olmecs (Mexico), Mayans (Mexico/Guatemala), and
  Chavin (Andes) developed similarly to the pattern
  of most River Valley Civilizations urbanization,
  polytheistic, irrigation, writing, calendars,
  monumental buildings, social structure,
  city-states
• Similar pattern of development in different part
  of the worldyet no contact with others!
• Difference no major rivers so had to adapt to
  rainforest and mountains
• No domesticated work animalsno wheels

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EARLY RELIGIONS PHILOSOPHIES (Belief Systems to
600 BCE)

• Hinduism
• Judaism
• Zoroastrianism
• General Commonalities of early polytheism

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EARLY POLYTHEISM

• Gods related to nature and the elements (sky
  gods, wind, water, etc.)
• When disaster struck (floods, drought,
  earthquakes) the people believed their gods were
  angry with them (Epic of Gilgamesh)
• Cultural borrowing occurred frequently (gods were
  borrowed and integrated from neighboring peoples)
• Most cultures were polytheistic and used some
  form of sacrificial system to appease the gods

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HINDUISM

• Begins in India, evolving over time starting in
  3000 BCE
• Brahma is the supreme force in the universe
• Vishnu and Shiva are manifestations of Brahma
• Reincarnation until one reaches Moksha
  (enlightenment) and the cycle of
  life-death-rebirth ends
• Dharma (duty of caste) and Karma (fate based on
  dharma)

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HINDUISM continued

• Sacred texts include
• The Vedas
• The Upanishads
• The Bhagavad-Gita
• Prime example of henotheism acknowledging many
  deities but worshipping one (Brahma)
• Very diverse belief system
• Caste system strict social stratification in
  life

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JUDAISM

• Originates in Southwest Asia/Middle East
• Debate over origins and times (circa 3000 BCE to
  1500 BCE starting dates)
• Important figures Abraham, Moses, David
• Monotheistic belief system based on covenant with
  Yahweh (Hebrews as Gods chosen people)
• Ten Commandments, sacrificial system, temple for
  worship, strict dietary and social codes
• Sacred text Torah (Hebrew Bible)

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ZOROASTRIANISM

• Originates in Persia (Iran) circa 2000 BCE
• Cosmic Dualism
• Two deities fighting for the souls of humanity
• Heaven and Hell (for the faithful and the wicked
  respectively)
• Will influence other religions (formative
  Judaism, Christianity, and Islam)
• Eventually will be displaced by Islam (Shiite)
  in Persia (Iran)

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Generalities of Early Religions

• Anthropomorphic gods human traits
• Sacrifices to appease the gods
• Disasters were seen as punishments from the
  deities
• Polytheism was the norm
• Gods were usually tribal rather than universal
• Zoroastrianism and Judaism emerged out of
  polytheistic cultures