Objective 5 Earth and Space Systems - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 66
About This Presentation
Title:

Objective 5 Earth and Space Systems

Description:

Objective 5 Earth and Space Systems Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know * – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:190
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 67
Provided by: Tere1226
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Objective 5 Earth and Space Systems


1
Objective 5Earth and Space Systems
  • Middle School Science
  • Science STAAR Need to Know

2
Changes in the Earth over time
Weathering- the process of rocks being broken
down into smaller pieces.
3
Two types of Weathering
  • Mechanical
  • Rocks break into smaller pieces by physical means
  • Water, ice, wind, gravity, organisms changing
    temperatures
  • Chemical
  • Rocks break into smaller pieces by chemical
    reactions Air, water, acid salts react with
    minerals in rocks to form new substances

4
Erosion
Destructive
  • The movement of particles from one location to
    another is erosion
  • Weathered particles of rock are transported by
    gravity, living organisms, water, glaciers wind.

5
Deposition
Constructive
  • The settling (depositing) of eroded particles as
    sediments wherever they are transported by wind
    or water.

6
Sedimentary
Igneous
Metamorphic
7
WHO Alfred Wegener
Proposed that Earths continent were all joined
in a single land mass called PANGAEA, which means
All land
8
EVIDENCE
  • Fossil Clues
  • fossils of Messosaurus (dinosaur) found in South
    America and in Africa. Lived in freshwater and on
    land continents separated by salt water no
    way it could swim from one to the other.
  • B. Glossopteris (plant) fossil found
    in Africa, Australia, South America, and
    Antarctica.
  • So many
  • different areas
  • and climates.

9
Climatic Clues fossils of warm weather plants
found on island of Spitsbergen in Artic Ocean,
Evidence of Glaciers in temperate and tropical
areas
10
Rock Clues similar rock structures found on
different continents showing similarities East
South America and West Africa coastlines have
same rock structure
11
(No Transcript)
12
Plate Tectonics
The force behind tectonic plate movement is
thought to be currents of magma flowing in
Earths mantle.
13
Plate boundaries
  • Tectonic plates slowly collide against one
    another along plate boundaries. Sections of the
    plates may break off and be pushed down, up, or
    to the side. Mountain ranges, ocean trenches,
    earthquakes volcanic activity are all common
    along plate boundaries.

Pacific Plate is the largest
14
San Andreas fault
15
Topographic Maps
A map that shows the shape and elevation of the
land surface using contour lines , and shows
other land features using symbols and colors
16
The most important thing to remember is that
CLOSE contour lines mean STEEP terrain and OPEN
contour lines mean FLATT terrain.
17
Neap Tides occur during quarter moons, produce an
especially weak high tides
18
Spring tides are especially high tides, occur
when Earth , sun and moon are lined up occur
during full and new moons
19
(No Transcript)
20
Four types of Fronts
21
Warm Front when warm air advances into a region
of colder air warm air mass slides up and over
the cold air mass. Produces long period of steady
precipitation over a wide area. After front
passes the skies clear , wind direction changes
and temperature rises.
Cold Front occurs when cold air mass advances
and pushes under a warm air mass. Warm air is
forced up. Produces short periods of storms with
heavy precipitation. After front passes, winds
change direction, skies begin to clear and
temperature usually drops
22
Stationary Front occurs where a warm air mass
and a cold air mass meet but neither advances.
Produces cloudiness and steady precipitation.
Occluded Front occurs when a fast-moving cold
front overtakes a slower moving warm front,
produces cloudy weather with precipitation
23
High and Low Pressure
High Pressure - Winds blow outward, clock-wise
air pressure is highest at center usually bring
clear skies and fair, cool weather
Low Pressure Winds blow inward toward center,
counterclockwise air pressure is lowest at
center usually brings cloudy skies,
precipitation and warm weather
24
THE SUN
Provides energy that drives convection in the
atmosphere and oceans which causes weather
Produces wind and ocean currents.
25
(No Transcript)
26
  • All the land that drains into a specific body of
    water.
  • Groundwater and surface water both contribute to
    the water in a watershed.
  • Surface water becomes groundwater by soaking into
    the sand and soil or by traveling through cracks
    in rock.

27
(No Transcript)
28
Two important ways that oceans affect climate on
land
  1. Land heats up faster than water because land has
    a lower specific heat than water does. This
    causes the air over land to heat faster than the
    air over water. The warm air rises, starting a
    convection current that pulls air toward land
    from the ocean. This keeps air over the land
    from getting too hot and brings moist ocean air
    inland.
  2. Warm air holds more water vapor than cold air
    does. When warm, moist air is cooled, clouds
    form and can produce precipitation. This warm
    air can be cooled by rising into the colder upper
    atmosphere, by moving over cold ocean or lakes,
    or by mixing with colder air. (Ex. Front
    boundary- the edge where cool, dry air meets
    warm, moist air. Often causes stormy weather)

29
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen changes back forth from nitrogen gas
to the nitrogen compounds used by plants
animals.
Nitrogen is passed from plants to other organisms
through food webs in the ecosystem. Once plants
animals use the nitrogen it returns to the
atmosphere as a gas, completing the cycle.
Some fertilizers contain nitrogen compounds
because plants need nitrogen to grow. Though
there is plenty of nitrogen gas in the
atmosphere, plants cant use this form. In
nature nitrogen can be changed from a gas to a
form that plants can use by lightning or by soil
bacteria and fungi in a process called nitrogen
fixation.
30
Problems if too much Nitrogen in environment
31
Carbon Cycle
32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
Effects of carbon on environment
One of the biggest ways humans affect the carbon
cycle is by burning fossil fuels. Burning fossil
fuels transforms carbon into carbon dioxide.
Higher levels of carbon dioxide cause the
atmosphere to hold more heat energy. This may be
the cause of warmer temperatures measured in
recent years on Earth. (Called The Greenhouse
Effect) This could affect the climate in many
places. The kinds of plants and animals in these
climates may change if the warming continues.
35
Without the carbon and nitrogen cycles, there
would be no life on earth!
36
Catastrophic events affect the earth
Earthquakes
Floods
Meteorite crater
Volcanoes
37
Ways humans affect the earth
  • Two common forms of pollution
  • Gases released into the atmosphere
  • Chemicals that are carried by water into a
    watershed

38
Humans can cause extinctions
  • Human can change
  • The quality of the air, water soil we use
  • Ecosystems by removing plants animals by
    introducing new species, such as invasive plants
    pets
  • Invasive species dont naturally live in the
    ecosystem where they are introduced.
  • Invasive species compete with/or drive out native
    species (species that live naturally in an
    ecosystem)

FIRE ANTS- invasive species- accidentally
introduced to North America from South America.
They have few predators in NA aggressively
attack kill many kinds of native plants
animals. They have upset the balance of
ecosystems in many southern states.
39
Eclipses
40
Solar eclipse
When the moon is aligned so that its shadow falls
on Earths surface, the suns light is blocked
from reaching part of the Earth. Called solar
eclipse because its the sun that is being
blocked from our view.
41
Lunar Eclipse
A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth blocks sunlight
from reaching the moon. This puts the moon in
Earths shadow.
42
4 main Phases of the Moon
43
Moon phase diagram
44
(No Transcript)
45
Moons Revolution Rotation
46
Seasons
Have you ever noticed that the sun travels lower
across the sky in winter than in summer? This
is because Earth is tilted on its axis at a 23.5o
angle.
During winter part of Earth tilts away from the
sun. This causes the suns rays to strike that
part of Earth at a lower angle than in the
summer.
47
Seasons- Remember its the TILT of the Earth
that causes the seasons
48
Winter Solstice- shortest day of the year
Days are shorter nights are longer during
winter. This occurs in December in the Northern
Hemisphere in June in the Southern
Hemisphere. Each hemisphere receives less
sunlight therefore less heat energy during the
winter. This is why temperatures are colder
during winter.
49
Summer Solstice- longest day of the year
This occurs in June in the Northern Hemisphere
and in December in the Southern
Hemisphere. Earths revolution around the sun
causes part of the Earth to tilt toward the sun
at different times of the year. This causes that
part of the Earth to receive more sunlight at a
more direct angle. This is why days are longer
and nights are shorter.
50
Equinox
Equinox- means Equal Night Daytime lasts
exactly as long as nighttime on the first day of
autumn the Autumnal Equinox (about September
21) and the first day of spring - the Vernal
Equinox (about March 21).
51
The Sun Gravity
52
The Sun is a Star
Our sun is a medium-size yellow star. In the
sun, hydrogen undergoes nuclear fusion, a process
that releases vast amounts of energy. During
fusion hydrogen atoms join to form helium atoms.
Hydrogen fusion is the source of light, heat, and
other radiation from the sun.
53
Comets
Comets are made of various solids (like dirt
dust) and ice crystals. When their orbits take
them close to the sun, dust and ice heat up to
produce a tail behind the comet. Larger comets
may even become visible without the aid of a
telescope.
54
Asteroids
Asteroids are rocky and usually follow regular
orbits around the sun. Asteroid belt- the
area between Mars and Jupiter that contains many
asteroids orbiting the sun.
55
Nebulae
Nebulae are huge clouds of dust and gas. Some
scientists think that our solar system was formed
from nebula.
56
Spiral
Irregular
Galaxies are groups of millions or billions of
stars. The galaxy we live in is the Milky Way
galaxy and has over 100 billion stars. It would
take 100,000 light years to travel across it!
Elliptical
57
300,000,000 meters per second is the same as
300,000 kilometers per second. Thats the Speed
of Light!
58
Light Speed!
59
LIGHT YEAR - ly
Based on the speed of light and is a measure of
DISTANCE not TIME 9.5 X 10¹² Km/yr
60
  • Gravity is the force that governs motion of our
    solar system.

61
Closest star to Earth (besides the Sun)
Proxima Centauri is the nearest star to our Solar
System. Traveling at the speed of light, it
would take about 4 years 3 months to reach it
from Earth. (That makes it about 280,000 times
farther away from Earth than our sun!)
62
H-R Diagram
In the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram each star is
represented by a dot. Stars are plotted by their
luminosity (brightness) and surface temperature.

63
Hurricane
A huge, slowly-spinning tropical storm that forms
over water and has winds of at least 119 km/hr
(78 mph)
64
Recipe to start development of a HURRICANE!!
  1. Water temperature 80 F or 26 C and up to 150
    feet deep
  2. Low Air Pressure
  3. High Moisture content
  4. Warm water mixes with warm air makes heat build
    up quickly
  5. Winds move into storm center from High Pressure
    areas
  6. Thunderstorms

65
Hurricane Season
June 1st through November 30th
Hurricane Eye
Warm Temperatures, clear skies and calm conditions
Hurricane Movement
Atlantic ocean start in warm waters off west
coast of Africa and travel W/NW towards United
States
66
  • Hurricane Development
  • Tropical Disturbance
  • Tropical Depression
  • Tropical Storm
  • Hurricane
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com