Panel 7: Nationalism, Ethnicity, And Political Reform Thursday, April 20th (9:30-10:45am)

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Panel 7 Nationalism, Ethnicity, And
Political ReformThursday, April 20th
(930-1045am)
13th Symposium on Development and Social
Transformation
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13th Symposium on Development and Social
Transformation
Panel 7 Nationalism, Ethnicity, And
Political Reform
European Identity Aleksandra Pastor
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EUROPEAN IDENTITY

• United in Diversity
• by Aleksandra Pastor
• Spring 2006

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Identity by definition

• According to Miriam Webster Dictionary
• the state of being exactly alike
• the set of qualities that make a person different
  from other people
• In the sociology and political science
• the notion of individuals' labeling themselves as
  members of particular groups -- such as nation,
  social class, subculture, ethnicity, gender,
  employment

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Identity in theory

• people tend to have multiple identities
• identity can be defined only as a dynamic feature
  which changes (over the time)
• ( Smith, 1991 Hobsbowm, 1983 Anderson 1983
• Jacobs and Maier, 1998 Zagar, 2001)

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EU 25 as of May 1st 2004
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Why it matters?

• Factor of progress in the European integration
  project
• policy makers interested in designing policies to
  promote a European identity
• An explanation tool for successes and failures of
  particular EU initiatives

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What do Europeans have in common?

• Geography
• Where are European borders?
• History
• Language
• EU recognizes 20 official and 60 indigenous
  languages
• Culture
• Whose culture?

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Statistics from 1996

• Source Europinion No 8 - Table 10
• EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL IDENTITY ( by country) 

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It is this huge cultural diversity that gives
Europeans their European identity.

• Jean-Claude Trichet,
• President of the European Central Bank,
• Maastricht, September 10, 2004

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Symbols of EU identity

• Flag
• Anthem
• Single currency
• EU citizenship

However
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• the flag

• for different reasons, the Euro is not adopted as
  a currency in some EU countries
• there is no agreement in which language the text
  of the anthem should be

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European citizenship

• In theory
• the idea of citizenship is not related to the
  national identity (Lehning, 1993)
• In practice
• Treaty of European Union, 1992 / Article 17
• Every person holding the nationality of a Member
  State shall be a citizen of the Union.
  Citizenship of the Union shall complement and not
  replace national citizenship.

Source Standard Eurobarometer No 45, 1996 
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European citizenship in numbers 2002 / EU 15
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Instead of conclusion

• Europe has never existed.
• It is not the addition of sovereign nations met
  together in councils that makes an entity of
  them.
• One must genuinely create Europe.
• Jean Monet, 1950

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13th Symposium on Development and Social
Transformation
Panel 7 Nationalism, Ethnicity, And
Political Reform
Discrimination In Latin America Olinda Caycho
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Discrimination of Indigenous population in Latin
America
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Who are the indigenous?

• Pre-Colombian civilization Mayas and Aztecas
  (Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras) and the Incas
  (Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador)
• During Spanish colonization indigenous were not
  eliminated but were reduced as slaves and
  servants.
• Indies were displaced from their lands and served
  as labor in the mining extraction.
• Spanish considered Indigenous an inferior race
  and marginalized them.

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Who are the indigenous?

• The independence from Spanish crown did not
  change indigenous marginalization.
• States were governed by a white minority
  oligarchy.
• The Hacienda system.
• Agrarian reforms in the 1960s was an attempt to
  make ownership of land more equitable.

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Latin American countries with the largest
Indigenous population

• Bolivia 62 of population (about 3.9 million)
• Ecuador 25 of population (about 3.3 million)
• Guatemala 39 of population.
• Mexico 11 of the households.
• Peru Between 25 to 48 of the households.
• Indigenous people usually speak native language
  different from Spanish.

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Poverty and economic and social well-being are
clearly related to ethnicity

• Indigenous are more likely to be poor than any
  other ethnic group.
• Indigenous people have fewer years of education.
• Much of the indigenous population lives in rural
  areas, where the incomes are significantly less.
• The indigenous population have less access to
  formal sector work.

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Poverty and economic and social well-being are
clearly related to ethnicity

• Child labor are predominantly male, rural,
  uneducated, and indigenous, who work in the
  informal sector.
• Indigenous people, especially women and children
  have less access to basic health services.
• Half of indigenous households have access to
  drinking water and few have access to sewage
  facilities.
• Some poverty-targeted programs reach indigenous
  people others do not.

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Why does discrimination against indigenous people
still persist?

• The political and social order inherited from
  colonialism.
• Centralization of states and public institutions
• The relatively new democratic systems in Latin
  America.
• Long process for formation of indigenous identity
  and indigenous movements.

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What should be done to improve indigenous
conditions?

• Awareness from the rest of the society.
• The consolidation of indigenous identity.
• Political representation and participation.
• Decentralization of social policies, more
  accountability.
• Bilingual and bicultural education.
• Equal opportunities for health and basic
  services.

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13th Symposium on Development and Social
Transformation
Panel 7 Nationalism, Ethnicity, And
Political Reform
Review Of The Romanian National Council For
Combating Discrimination Marius Jitea
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Non-discrimination affirmative actions in Romania

• Legislative
• European (EU and CoE) and Romanian legal
  framework
• Institutional
• National Council for Combating Discrimination
• Marius Jitea
• Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs
• PPA 755 Public Administration and Democracy

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What is discrimination

• EU perspective
• direct discrimination
• indirect discrimination,
• harassment,
• instruction to discriminate,
• AND
• Romanian legal frame
• Any differentiation, exclusion, restriction or
  preference on the basis of race, nationality,
  ethnicity, language, religion, social category,
  believes, sex or sexual orientation, age,
  handicap, chronicle disease, AIDS/HIV, which has
  as effects limitations or restriction of human
  rights and fundamental freedoms, of rights given
  by Constitution, in the political, economical,
  social, cultural or any other field of the public
  life

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European institutional framework

• EU - 252 Member states
• Directive (2000/43/EC)-the Racial Equality,
• Directive (2000/78/EC),
• Council of Europe - 46 European country member
  states
• Article 14 of European Convention on Human
  Rights,
• European Commission against Racism an Intolerance
  
• www.ecri.coe.int
• General Policy Recommendations (1 to 9)
• http//www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/ecri/4-Publica
  tions/P630_7159

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Romanian legal framework

• Romanian Constitution
• Chapter II - Fundamental rights and freedoms,
  http//www.presidency.ro/?_RIDhtmid16
• Governmental Ordinance 137/2000 for preventing
  and sanctioning all forms of discrimination
• Governmental Decision 1194/2001, which provides
  the legal frame for the creation of National
  Council for Combating Discrimination,
  www.cncd.org.ro

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National Council for Combating Discrimination-
NCCD - www.cncd.org.ro

• Mission
• To promote and protect the rights envisaged by
  the anti-discrimination legal framework in
  Romania
• To inform and train about the importance of
  non-discrimination legal framework state provide
  to its citizens
• To investigate and sanction discrimination acts.

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National Council for Combating Discrimination-
NCCD - www.cncd.org.ro

• Analysis goes through NCCD
• - independence
• - visibility
• - assisting discrimination victims

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National Council for Combating Discrimination-
NCCD - www.cncd.org.ro

• INDEPENDENCE
• Structure
• President of NCCD member of the Steering Board
• Steering Board 7 members appointed by Prime
  Minister Decision
• Can take decisions/regulate when at least 4
  members are attending Steering Board meetings
• NCCD is an independent structure, fully financed
  by the state budget
• Activities are implementing according with its
  three core functions
• preventions
• mediation
• sanctions.

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National Council for Combating Discrimination-
NCCD - www.cncd.org.ro

• VIZIBILITY
• In 2005
• - received 382 complains and auto-denounced in
  74 cases
• Complains where based on Auto- denounces
• - Social discrimination 90 - Ethnic
  discrimination - 26
• Ethnic discrimination 85 - Gender
  discrimination - 15
• Sexual orientation 9 - Nationality - 8
• Disability - 21 - Age - 5
• Self consciousness - 19 - Social
  discrimination - 4
• Age 17
• Religion 11
• HIV/AIDS 10
• - Gender - 9
• Nationality 39

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National Council for Combating Discrimination-
NCCD - www.cncd.org.roVIZIBILITY
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National Council for Combating Discrimination-
NCCD - www.cncd.org.roVIZIBILITY
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National Council for Combating Discrimination-
NCCD - www.cncd.org.ro

• ASSISTING VICTIMS OF DISCRIMINATIONS
• 2006 - 3 national campaigns to promote
  anti-discrimination in sports
• 2005 60 cases with penalties - in written
  first notifications
• - financial penalty each 1200 USD
• - 22 cases reached an agreement through
  mediation
• 8 national Campaigns broadly advertised to raise
  awareness about anti-discrimination
• 2004 28 cases mediated
• Since 2004 based on NCCD initiative, the National
  Alliance Against Discrimination was formed
  bringing together 77 NGOs with projects/programs
  in the filed of anti-discrimination policy
  implementation
• Part of EU wide campaign For Diversity.
  Against Discrimination

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National Council for Combating Discrimination-
NCCD - www.cncd.org.ro

• CONCLUSIONS
• Whilst the legal frame its consistent, it should
  give to NCCD more independency
• Steering Board even it has proven its efficiency,
  should be enlarged with two new members, due to
  the different discrimination forms arose in the
  past two years
• A new appointment procedure for the Steering
  Board members, by involving the other state
  authorities representatives( Presidency, Senate
  and the Chamber of Deputies)
• Regional offices for NCCD for a decrease in its
  budget expenditures
• Clearer norms for avoiding the overlapping with
  the Courts procedures when it comes to analyzing
  and judging discrimination cases

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13th Symposium on Development and Social
Transformation
Panel 7 Nationalism, Ethnicity, And
Political Reform
Why Was The Process Of Decentralization
Heterogeneous In Spain? Lidia Villalba
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Process of Decentralization in Spain

• Lidia Villalba
• April 2006

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Overview

• Why do tensions persist in Spanish
  decentralization?
• Diversity and identity
• The Constitution of 1979
• Territorial organization
• Heterogeneous administrative decentralization
• Asymmetrical fiscal system
• Political Bargaining

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1. Diversity

• Manifested by different customs, languages,
  economic conditions and political and
  administrative preferences .
• Articulated through the identification of dual
  identity or compound nationality.

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2. An ambiguous Constitution

• Constitution approved in 12/ 1978
• Circumstances to be considered
• Young democratic government elected in 1977
• Adolfo Suarez new Prime Minister
• Broad range of political parties in Parliament
• Relevant historical events contributed to weak
  political circumstances
• 1936-1939 Civil War
• 1939-1975 Authoritarian regime under Francisco
  Franco.
• Highly centralized administration unitary state
  with little autonomy for the historical regions
• 1975-1977 Transition government

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2. An ambiguous Constitution

• Outcome 1
• Non defined territorial organization
• Formation of 17 Autonomous Communities between
  1979 and 1983

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2. An ambiguous Constitution

• Outcome 2 heterogeneous administrative
  organization
• Constitution defined
• Powers exclusive and explicit to the State
• List of powers from which the ACs could choose
  from (A la carte autonomy)
• However, establishment of two routes towards
  autonomy
• Ten regions adopted the Slow way
• Less historical background as independent regions
• Could assume competencies only after 5 years
• Seven regions adopted the Fast way
• Could assume competencies immediately

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2. An ambiguous Constitution

• Outcome 3 Asymmetrical financial system. Why?
• Recognition in the Constitution of historical and
  privileged rights for the Foral ACs Basque
  Country Navarre
• Implications coexistence of two financial
  systems
• Foral ACs
• Maximum level of taxation autonomy
• The ACs collect all taxes
• Common system ACs
• Lower degree of taxation autonomy
• The central government collects most taxes

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3. Political Bargaining

• What leads to political bargaining?
• Lack of a Senate
• Regional issues are agreed in the Sectoral
  Conferences (meeting of Presidents)
• Regions have the capacity to include their
  demands for further autonomy because of
• Request for harmonization (especially fiscal)
• Keep their distinguished differences
• Political power derived from
• Coalition between regional and national party
• Result the regional question has been highly
  politicized and is product of bargaining
  competition

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• THANKS!

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13th Symposium on Development and Social
Transformation
Panel 7 Nationalism, Ethnicity, And Political
Reform Thursday, April 20th (930-1045am)
Aleksandra Pastor European Identity
Olinda Caycho Discrimination In Latin America
Marius Jitea Lidia Villalba Review Of The Romanian National Council For Combating Discrimination Why Was The Process Of Decentralization Heterogeneous In Spain?