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Basic Chemistry

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Basic Chemistry Chapter 2 – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Basic Chemistry


1
Basic Chemistry
  • Chapter 2

2
Atoms
  • Matter
  • All matter is made of atoms
  • Atoms
  • Atoms consist of electrons, protons, and neutrons
  • Elements
  • Elements are pure substances made of only one
    kind of atom

3
Chemical Bonding
  • Covalent Bonds
  • Molecules are groups of atoms linked by covalent
    bonds
  • Hydrogen Bonds
  • Hydrogen bonding occurs between polar molecules
  • Ionic Bonds
  • An ion is a charged atom or molecule. Ions of
    opposite charge may form an ionic bond

4
Water in Living Things
  • Storage of Water
  • Water, which is essential for life, stores heat
    efficiently and binds to itself and other
    substances
  • Cohesion sticks to itself
  • Adhesion different substances stick together

5
Aqueous Solutions
  • Polarity
  • Water dissolves polar molecules and ionic
    compounds
  • Acids and Bases
  • Acids increase the hydrogen ion concentration of
    a solution. Bases decrease the hydrogen ion
    concentration of a solution. The pH scale
    measures the strength of acids and bases

6
Carbon Compounds
  • Carbohydrates
  • Carbohydrates, such as glucose, are a source of
    energy and are used as structural materials in
    organisms
  • Lipids
  • Lipids are nonpolar molecules that store energy
    and are an important part of cell membranes
  • Proteins
  • Proteins are chains of amino acids. The sequence
    of amino acids determines a proteins shape and
    specific function
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary
    information
  • ATP
  • ATP is the main energy currency of cells

7
Molecular Chains
  • Carbon chains can be 1 or 2 carbon atoms or
    thousands of carbon atoms
  • Smaller molecules bond together and are known as
    a polymer
  • Many polymers are formed by condensation H
    removed from one, OH removed from another so H2O
    is pulled out
  • Opposite is called Hydrolysis

8
Condensation
9
Hydrolysis
10
Carbohydrates
  • Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen only in a
    ratio of 121
  • C6H12O6,
  • Provide energy

11
  • Monosaccharide building block
  • Called Simple Sugars (Glucose, Fructose)

12
  • Disaccharide 2 monosaccharides
  • Fructose Glucose ? Sucrose

13
  • Polysaccharide polymer of many monosaccharides
  • Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose

14
Lipids
  • Mostly Carbon and Hydrogen, small amount of
    Oxygen
  • Nonpolar molecules so dont dissolve in water
  • Energy storage, protection, insulation
  • Major component of membranes

15
  • Fatty Acids and Glycerol building block

16
  • If all Carbons have single bonds saturated
  • Fats from animals solids at room temp.

17
  • If there is a double bond unsaturated
  • Oils from plants Liquids are room temp.
    (Healthier?)

18
  • More than 1 double bond polyunsaturated

19
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20
Proteins
  • Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and
    sometimes Sulfur
  • Amino Acids building block
  • 20 Combine using condensation and form a peptide
    bond
  • Sequence determines protein
  • Tissue and organ structure and cell metabolism

21
Protein Examples
  • Hemoglobin
  • Carries oxygen in your blood
  • Made in bone marrow
  • Contains iron too little iron anemic

22
Protein Examples
  • Insulin
  • Hormone that regulates the amount of sugar in
    your blood treats diabetes
  • Secreted by pancreas
  • Tells other cells to absorb glucose (no insulin
    no energy absorbed)
  • These cells (liver, muscle, and fat) then store
    it as glycogen and stop using fat as energy
  • No or low Insulin, no glucose uptake, fat used as
    energy
  • Type I Diabetes Insulin deficiency shots
  • Type II Insulin resistance other methods

23
Special Protein Enzymes
  • Protein that changes the rate of a chemical
    reaction (may speed up)
  • Many lower the Activation Energy
  • Activity depends on temperature, enzyme
    concentration, and pH
  • Specific to certain substrates
  • Works like a lock and key
  • Amino acids make proteins (enzyme) folded in a
    certain way which determines job

24
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25
Energy for Life Processes
  • Energy in Chemical Reactions
  • Chemical Reactions absorb or release energy
  • Activation Energy
  • Starting a chemical reaction requires activation
    energy

26
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
27
Nucleic Acids
  • Stores cellular information in the form of a
    code
  • DNA and RNA
  • Nucleotides building blocks
  • Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous in 3
    parts
  • Nitrogenous Base
  • Simple Sugar
  • Phosphate Group

28
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29
How to Identify
  • Proteins turn a blue Biuret solution to
    pink-purple
  • Starches (carbohydrates) show up bluish/black
    when drops of iodine are added
  • Sugars (carbohydrates) turn a blue Benedicts
    solution an orange-brown
  • Lipids leave a grease spot on brown paper
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