PROBLEME PRIVIND SISTEMELE ACTUALE DE CLASIFICARE ALE ORGANISMELOR VEGETALE

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PROBLEME PRIVIND SISTEMELE ACTUALE DE CLASIFICARE
ALE ORGANISMELOR VEGETALE
(Radford A.E. et al., 1998, http//www.ibiblio.org
)
prof. Vasile Cristea UBB Cluj-Napoca
Workshop Taxonomia între traditie si
variabilitate, USAMV Bucuresti, 27 februarie 2015
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Memoriei prof.dr. Vasile CIOCÂRLAN
(1926-2013) A life entirely dedicated to
botany
Introducere Sistematica, directii principale
- fitografia, - taxonomia, - nomenclatura, -
evolutionismul, - filogenetica ... o stiinta
adevarata speculativa, filosofica,
explicativa... experimentala în acelasi timp...
(Borza, 1925, p. 28) ? the cornerstones of
biology the cornerstone of the conservation
and the sustainable use of plants ... we need
to make connections and work together
(Heywood, 2001, p. 326)
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Reprezentare simbolica a celor 5 regnuri si Lynn
MARGULIS (1938-2011 ap. Cristea, 2014)
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Regnul Plantae (src.sfasu.edu)
Similaritatea dintre cormofite si briofite (ap.
Lecointre et Le Guyader, 2001, simplificat).
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Noile paradigme ale taxonomiei (Heywood , 2001)
- sensibilitate la nevoile societatii, -
eficienta si consistenta în metodele si
practicile utilizate, - cercetare teoretica si
aplicata deopotriva, - cooperare si munca în
echipa cu alte discipline, teoretice sau
aplicate, - privire în afara, - privire
înainte, - accesibilitate, - abilitate de a
crea produse dorite de diversi consumatori, -
capacitatea de a utiliza cele mai performante
practici informationale.
? sistematica trebuie sa se reinventeze pe sine,
spre a deveni o disciplina academica dinamica
(idem, in Funk et al.-eds., 2009).
Heywoodia lucens
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SILOGISMUL SISTEMATICII ACTUALE (Sytsma et Pires,
2001 p. 404) axioma Nothing in biology makes
sense except in the light of evolution
(Dobzhansky, 1973) premizele Nothing in
evolution makes sense except in the light of
phylogeny Nothing in phylogeny makes sense except
in the light of cladistics concluzia Nothing in
cladistics make sense except in the light of
total evidence
evidenta totala All the characters that are fit
to use (Mishler, 2001, p. 141)
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Dezbaterile si controversele sunt ... pâinea
zilnica a omului de stiinta ele sunt atât de
fatale si atât de folositoare, încât fac parte
integranta din metoda stiintifica (Emil
Racovita ed. din 1993, p. 135).
Orizontul de cunostinte al unui bun profesor
trebuie sa depaseasca hotarele specialitatii
sale. Cu alte cuvinte, e esentiala cultura lui
generala (A. Plesu, 2013).
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Principalele directii de studii sistematice a.
Chemotaxonomia - serologie, fenoli, alcaloizi,
terpene

Euphydryas editha ssp. quino Plantago
erecta Castilleja exserta

catapol
aucubin
1965-1985 ... could be regardered as the golden
age of plant chemosystematics (Harborne, 2001,
p. 38)
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b. Morfo-anatomia
SEM
TEM
Mahlberg et Kim (http//hempreport.com)
? The comparative study of plant structure ...
has always been the backbone of plant
systematics, which endeavours to elucidate plant
diversity, phylogeny and evolution Endrees et
al., 2001, p. 3) ... should also play its role
as a bond, a uniting force between centrifugal
directions of new fields in biology (idem, p.
20)
A-Zamia neurophyllidia, B-Z. standleyi, C-Z.
vazquezii, D-Z. tuerckheimii (Schutzman, 2004)
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A-C- Welwitschia mirabilis D- Ephedra E-F-
Gnetum (Endrees, 1994).
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Soldanella pusilla ssp. pusilla S. rugosa S.
angusta S. marmarossiensis S. hungarica S.
oreodoxa S. major fata de 3 sp. în Flora RO (vol.
VII) - ITS, h, frunza, nr. flori, corola,
conectivul, perii glandulari, stil, capsula
Morphological characters distinguishing
Soldanella (1) sect. Soldanella (here S. major)
and (2) sect. Tubiflores (here S. minima) (Zhang
et al., 2001)
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c. Citogenetica
- numar de cromozomi - numar de baza de
cromozomi - marimea genomului (1C, în pg. sau în
p. n. 1pg0,965x109p.n) - morfologia
cromozomilor - structura evidentiata prin
colorare (Fehling, Giemsa-banding, FISH, GISH)

• Pisum
• Giemsa-banding (hermes.bionet.nsc.ru),
• FISH (Smykal R.J. et al., 2012)

- GISH, B. napus x R. sativus (Snowdon et al.,
1999)
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d. Paleobotanica
Lyginopteridales
Archaeosperma
Asteroxylon
Bennettitales
Archaefructus si Archaeanthus
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e. Culturile de tesuturi
Flowering plants of Silene stenophylla. (A)
Plant grown in vitro culture from seed of an
extant plant. (B) Plant regenerated in vitro
culture from tissue of fossil fruit with primary
strictly female flower. (C) Plant regenerated
from tissue of fossil fruit with both female (f)
and bisexual (b) (Yashina et al., 2012)
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Cladistica
Sistemul cladistic al pteridofitelor (Smith et
al., 2006) liniile pline cuprind nodurile cu un
bootstrap 70, cele cu linii punctate având
valori mai mici.
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Relatii filogenetice la gimnosperme, pe baza
secventelor din 28S-rARN (Stefanovic et al., 1998)
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Amborella trichopoda
Angiosperme grupele bazale ... stramosii
angiospermelor ramân înca o cutie neagra
(Endrees, 2004 p. 343).
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Bromeliaceae, pe baza ndhF (Givnish et al.,
2007, simplificat).
ord. Malpighiales, pe baza rbcL (Savolainen et
al. 2000, ap. Chase et al., 2001)
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APG II, 2003
APG III, 2009
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Taxonomia evolutiva
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2008
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Taxonomia clasica
Clasificarea încr. Angiospermatophyta (Stebbins,
1974, ap. Heywood-ed., 1978 respectiv Cronquist,
1981)
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Arbori filogenetici clasici
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Catedrala episcopala romano-catolica
Timisoara - arbore filogenetic clasic
Catedrala episcopala Christ of Light, Oakland
(California) - cladograma
Este posibila o astfel de comparatie?
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Filogeografie, ecologie animala, functionarea
ecosistemelor, biodiversitate genetica,
metabarcoding etc.
- Nu faceti greseala de a distruge biologia
clasica, asa cum am facut noi!
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Concluzii ? It is clear that systematics
will remain an unending synthesis, facing many
new challenges, and that we systematists are in
no danger of putting ourselves out of work
(Soltis et Soltis, 2001, p. 351), ? The
challenge we face as biologists is to advance our
basic science so that we have a strong and
vibrant field that is adding new knowledge
(Schaal et Leverich, 2001, p. 370), ? Complete
reconstructions of phylogeny require the
incorporation of fossils (Soltis et Soltis,
2001, p. 348), ? The study of biodiversity
cannot proceed further without the contribution
of integrative taxonomy and these obstacles will
have to be removed (Boero, 2010, p. 124), ?
Lucrând împreuna, toti naturalistii suntem
obligati sa reinventam sistematica, acel filum
Ariadneum, atât de necesar si util pentru toate
domeniile biologiei.
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Toate acestea sunt posibile, cu
VA MULTUMESC PENTRU ATENTIE SI RABDARE!
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