Reproduction

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Reproduction

• For the intro to reproduction, I want to create a
  fun, trivia based game, perhaps males vs.
  females. Please write down questions you think
  the opposite sex would not be able to answer or
  might be funny to answer.
• Also, if you have an idea for a trivia game idea
  for the class.

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Endocrine System

• Chapter 8, Sections 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

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What As A Gland?

• A gland is a group of cells that produces and
  secretes a chemical.
• Exocrine Glands (exo out) Secrete chemicals
  outside of the body, or outside of the
  bloodstream. They have ducts.
• Ex. Salivary glands, sweat glands.
• Endocrine Glands (endo within) secret
  hormones that are released in the bloodstream and
  transported to target cells/tissues/organs. They
  are ductless.
• Ex Adrenal glands

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Endocrine System

• The endocrine system is comprised of a series of
  glands that secrete hormones. The hormones have
  a wide array of effects and control or regulate
  many of the bodies functions and systems.

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Glands of the Endocrine System

• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary
• Pineal
• Thyroid
• Parathyroid
• Thymus
• Adrenal
• Pancreas
• Ovaries
• Testes
• Pineal Body

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Pituitary Gland

• The Master Gland
• Controls all other endocrine glands by producing
  hormones to regulate them.
• Two lobes
• Anterior which makes its own hormones.
• Posterior which stores and releases hormones made
  in the hypothalamus.

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Hypothalamus

• The main link between the nervous system and
  endocrine system.
• Controls the pituitary gland (which controls
  everything else in the system).

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Thyroid

• Located in the throat.
• Regulates metabolism by controlling they rate at
  which cells burn nutrients.
• Also responsible for lowering calcium levels in
  the blood when they get high.

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Parathyroid

• Four tiny glands attached to the thyroid.
• Raise the level of calcium in the blood when it
  gets low.

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Thymus

• In the chest, between lungs.
• Secretes hormones important in the development of
  a healthy immune system (stimulates the
  development of T cells)
• After puberty, it starts to shrink and is slowly
  replaced by fat.

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Adrenal Glands

• On top of the kidneys.
• Each has two parts
• Adrenal Cortex (exterior), release hormones
  involved in salt and water balance, stress
  response, metabolism, immune response, sexual
  development.
• Adrenal Medulla (interior) makes epinephrine
  norepinepherine to respond to stress

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Pancreas

• Part of the digestive and endocrine systems.
• Regulates blood glucose levels by producing two
  hormones insulin and glucagon.

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Gonads

• Ovaries Testes
• Produce sex hormones that regulate development
  (puberty!)
• Hormones produced by the testes regulate sperm
  production.
• Hormones produced by the ovaries are involved in
  egg release, the menstrual cycle, and pregnancy.

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Pineal Gland

• Produces melatonin, which is involved in sleep.

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Endocrine System vs. Nervous System

1. The signals of the endocrine system are purely
   chemical. Nervous system involves electrochemical
   impulses.
2. Hormones are secreted into the blood stream.
3. Nerve impulses are very fast. Endocrine responses
   can take more time.
4. Hormone effects can be very general and effect
   many parts of the body. The nervous system tends
   to work in a more localized manner.
5. Effects of the nervous system tend to be short
   lived. Effects of the endocrine system tend to be
   longer lasting.