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Classification

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Title: Classification


1
Topic 5.5
  • Classification

2
Binomial Nomenclature
  • A system which gives each organism 2 names Genus
    species or Genus species
  • These names often are descriptive of traits the
    organism possesses and typically are Latin or
    Greek in origin
  • Carolus Linnaeus is credited with developing and
    utilizing this system
  • The system is important because many organisms
    have more than one common name.

3
  • Blackfish, triple tail, Lobotes surinamensis
  • The genus name Lobotes is translated from the
    Latin word "lobus" as lobe. The tripletail was
    given its species name because it was discovered
    in Surinam, in northern South America.

4
5 kingdoms
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
  • Fungi (fungi, mold, yeast)
  • Protista (large diverse group including protozoa
    and algae)
  • Prokaryotes (bacteria)

5
7 level hierarchy
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
  • Sometimes.Variety

6
  • The 5 kingdoms and 7 taxa are used to identify
    and name organisms.
  • Usually organisms are grouped by relatedness or
    evolutionary development
  • There are other ways to classify organisms such
    as feeding method, habitat, etc

7
Kingdom Plantae
  • Autotrophs
  • Multicellular
  • Cell walls limited movement
  • Reproduction varies
  • Evolved from green algae

8
4 main groups
  • Bryophyta moss, liverworts, hornworts
  • Filicinophyta AKA pterophyta ferns, horsetails
  • Coniferophyta AKA Gymnosperms conifers such as
    cedar, fir, pine
  • Angiospermophyta flowering plants with seeds
    surrounded by fruit

9
Bryophytes
  • Non vascular plants no xylem or phloem or true
    roots
  • Reproduce by spore production (not seeds).
    Spores are dispersed by water.
  • Moss also produce swimming sperm which depend on
    water to fertilize eggs!

10
Filicinophyta
  • Seedless, vascular plants
  • Includes club moss, horsetail, fern

11
Coniferophyta
  • Conifers
  • naked seeds develop on sporophylls of female
    cones
  • Male cones produce large amounts of wind borne
    pollen
  • Seeds dispersed by wind

12
Angiospermophyta
  • Have flowers which develop into fruit
  • Male gamete (sperm) contained in pollen grain
  • Female gamete is housed in ovary and once
    fertilized, develops into fruit.
  • Co-evolved with insects who assist with
    pollination (fertilization)

13
Animals
  • Heterotrophs
  • must ingest others for nutrients
  • Multicellular
  • complex bodies
  • No cell walls
  • allows active movement
  • Sexual reproduction

14
Invertebrate Porifera
Food taken in by endocytosis
  • Sponges
  • no distinct tissues or organs
  • do have specialized cells
  • no symmetry
  • sessile (as adults)

15
Invertebrate Cnidaria
  • Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral
  • tissues, but no organs
  • two cell layers
  • radial symmetry
  • predators
  • tentacles surround gut opening
  • extracellular digestion
  • release enzymes into gut cavity

16
Stinging cells of cnidarians
17
Invertebrate Platyhelminthes
  • Flatworms
  • tapeworm, planaria
  • mostly parasitic
  • bilaterally symmetrical
  • allows high level of specialization within parts
    of the body
  • now have a mouth at one end an anus at the
    other!

18
Invertebrate Nematoda
  • Roundworms
  • bilaterally symmetrical
  • have both mouth anus
  • well-developed digestive system
  • many are parasitic
  • hookworm

19
Invertebrate Mollusca
  • Mollusks
  • clams, snails, squid
  • bilaterally symmetrical (with exceptions)
  • soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells
  • true coelom

20
Invertebrate Annelida
  • Segmented worms
  • earthworms, leeches
  • segments are not specialized
  • bilaterally symmetrical
  • true coelom

21
Invertebrate Arthropoda
  • Spiders, insects, crustaceans
  • most successful animal phylum
  • bilaterally symmetrical
  • segmented
  • allows jointed appendages
  • exoskeleton
  • chitin protein

22
Arthropod groups
arachnids 8 legs, 2 body parts spiders, ticks,
scorpions
crustaceans gills, 2 pairs antennae crab,
lobster, barnacles, shrmp
insects 6 legs, 3 body parts
23
Invertebrate Echinodermata
  • Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber
  • radially symmetrical
  • spiny exoskeleton

24
Invertebrate quick check
  • Invertebrates Porifera, Cnidaria,
    Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca,
    Arthropoda, Echinodermata
  • Which group includes snails, clams, and squid?
  • Which group is the sponges?
  • Which are the flatworms?
  • segmented worms?
  • roundworms?
  • Which group has jointed appendages an
    exoskeleton?
  • Which two groups are radially symmetrical?
  • Which group has no symmetry?

25
Chordata
  • Vertebrates
  • fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
  • internal bony skeleton
  • backbone encasing spinal column
  • skull-encased brain

26
Vertebrates Fish
  • Characteristics
  • body structure
  • bony cartilaginous skeleton
  • jaws paired appendages (fins)
  • scales
  • body function
  • gills for gas exchange
  • two-chambered heart single loop blood
    circulation
  • ectotherms
  • reproduction
  • external fertilization
  • external development in aquatic egg

27
Transition to Land
  • Evolution of tetrapods

28
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29
Vertebrates Amphibian
  • Characteristics
  • body structure
  • legs (tetrapods)
  • moist skin
  • body function
  • lungs (positive pressure) diffusion through
    skin for gas exchange
  • three-chambered heartveins from lungs back to
    heart
  • ectotherms
  • reproduction
  • external fertilization
  • external development in aquatic egg
  • metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)

Frogs , toads, salamanders, newts
30
Vertebrates Reptiles
  • Characteristics
  • body structure
  • dry skin, scales, armor
  • body function
  • lungs for gas exchange
  • thoracic breathing negative pressure
  • three-chambered heart
  • ectotherms
  • reproduction
  • internal fertilization
  • external development in amniotic egg

31
Vertebrates Birds
  • Characteristics
  • body structure
  • feathers wings
  • thin, hollow boneflight skeleton
  • body function
  • very efficient lungs air sacs
  • four-chambered heart
  • endotherms
  • reproduction
  • internal fertilization
  • external development in amniotic egg

32
Vertebrates Mammals
  • Characteristics
  • body structure
  • hair
  • specialized teeth
  • body function
  • lungs, diaphragm negative pressure
  • four-chambered heart
  • endotherms
  • reproduction
  • internal fertilization
  • internal development in uterus
  • nourishment through placenta
  • birth live young
  • mammary glands make milk

33
Mammal Sub-groups
  • monotremes
  • egg-laying mammals
  • duckbilled platypus, echidna
  • marsupials
  • pouched mammals
  • short-lived placenta
  • koala, kangaroo, opossum
  • placental
  • true placenta
  • shrews, bats, whales, humans

34
Vertebrate quick check
  • Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells?
  • Which vertebrates are covered with scales?
  • What adaptations do birds have for flying?
  • What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have?
  • Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are
    endothermic
  • Why must amphibians live near water?
  • What reproductive adaptations made mammals very
    successful?
  • What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-groups
    of mammals?
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