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IDEOLOGY

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Title: IDEOLOGY


1
IDEOLOGY
  • THE IDEAS OF THE RULING CLASS

2
The Ruling Ideas
  • The ideal expression of the dominant material
    relationships
  • The dominant material relationships grasped as
    ideas
  • The relationships which make one class the
    ruling one
  • The ideas of the ruling classs dominance

3
  • Ideas of the ruling class are expressed as
    eternals laws
  • As they rule as a class and determine the extent
    and compass of an epoch, it is self-evident that
    they do this in its whole range, hence among
    other things rule also as thinkers, as producers
    of ideas, and regulate and produce the ideas of
    their age as eternal laws.

4
  • The division of labor Who produces the dominant
    ideas?

5
  • Ideas of the ruling class are represented as the
    only rational, universally valid ones
  • Universality corresponds to
  • Class vs. Estate
  • Competition
  • Great numerical strength of the ruling class
  • Illusion of common interest
  • The delusion of the ideologists and division of
    labor

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  • Every new class achieves its hegemony only on a
    broader basis than that of the ruling class
    previously, whereas the opposition of the
    non-ruling class against the new ruling class
    later develops all the more sharply and
    profoundly.
  • Discussion Are we moving towards a more
    democratic social order?

8
  • Critique of Hegel and Idealism
  • Idea as the dominant force in history
  • Social order to be driven by ideas rather than
    materialistic relationships
  • Separation of ideas of ruling class from its base
  • A mystical connection among the successive ruling
    ideas
  • History as process of self-consciousness

9
IDEOLOGY
Revised by Gramsci
10
What Is History?
  • The historical unity of the ruling class is
    realized in the State, and their history is
    essentially the history of States. But it would
    be wrong to think that this unity is simply
    juridical and political the fundamental
    historical unity, concretely, results from the
    organic relations between State or political
    society and civil society.
  • The Subaltern classes, by definition, are
    not unified and cannot unite until they are able
    to become a State their history, therefore, is
    intertwined with that of civil society, and
    thereby with the history of States and groups of
    States.

11
Ideology
  • Its original meaning Science of ideas/ Analysis
    of ideas
  • In Marxist philosophy Contains a negative value
    judgment
  • As consciousness and creators of struggle and
    movement (a new meaning emphasized by Gramsci)

12
Ideology as the theoretical front
  • Everything which influences or is able to
    influence public opinion, directly or indirectly

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15
So what is ideology at the end?
  • Hall argues that ideology is a mental framework
    the languages, the concepts, categories, imagery
    of thought, and the systems of representation
    which different classes and social groups deploy
    in order to make sense of, define, figure out and
    render intelligible the way society works.

16
Ideology for Marx
  • Practical Meaning
  • The thoughts of how the capitalist system works
    through the individuals practical relations to
    it
  • The same reality can be represented in several
    ways within systems of discourse
  • The Manifestation of Bourgeois Thought
  • A critical weapon against Hegelianism, religion
    and idealist philosophy
  • Ideology as a reflection of material conditions
  • Economy as the last instance
  • The fixed correspondence between dominance in the
    socio-economic sphere and the ideological ruling
    ideas are the ideas of the ruling class

17
Critiques of Marxs Idea of Ideology
  • Reflexive and reductionist
  • Ideology as a realm of pure dependency
  • Ideology as distorted knowledge or false
    consciousness
  • Distortion for Marx Eternalization of relations
    which are in fact historically specific /
    Naturalization which means treating the products
    of a specific historical development as if
    universally valid, and arising not through
    historical processes but, as it were, from Nature
    itself.

18
How ideology works and explains
  • Individualism as the bourgeois societys ideology
  • Our ideas of Freedom, Equality,
    Property and Bentham (i.e. Individualism)
    the ruling ideological principles of the
    bourgeois lexicon may derive from the categories
    we use in our practical, common sense about the
    market economy. This is how there arises, out of
    daily, mundane experience of powerful categories
    of bourgeois legal, political, social and
    philosophical thought.
  • About political Economy explanation of market
  • One-sided explanations are always a
    distortion. Not in the sense that they are a lie
    about the system, but in the sense that a
    half-truth cannot be the whole truth about
    anything. With those ideas you will always
    represent a part of the whole. You will thereby
    produce an explanation which is only partially
    adequate- and in that sense false. Also, if you
    use only market categories and concepts to
    understand the capitalist circuit as a whole,
    there are literally many aspects of it which you
    cannot see. In that sense, the categories of
    market exchange obscure and mystify our
    understanding of the capitalist process that is
    they do not enable us to see or formulate other
    aspects invisible.

19
Base And Superstructure
  • Marx Base as the material relations of
    production (economy), superstructure as the
    non-material representation of the same relations
    (including State, religion, culture, etc.)
  • In Marxs theories and later in mainstream
    Marxism, superstructure is determined by base.
  • Stuart Hall The language of determinism and
    even more of determinism was inherited from
    idealist and especially theological accounts.

20
  • The simple notion of superstructure the
    reflection, the imitation or the reproduction of
    the reality of the base in the superstructure in
    a more or less direct way

21
The Amendments in the notion of Superstructure
  • Delay in times famous lags
  • Mediation
  • Homologous Structure
  • Totality
  • Superstructure as practice rather than object

22
  • Gramscis Critique of Marxist Base-
    Superstructure
  • Hegemony it suggests the existence of something
    which is truly total, which is not merely
    secondary or superstructural And hegemony has
    the advantage over general notions of totality,
    that at the same time emphasizes the facts of
    domination.

23
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24
Hegemony
  • Hegemony is a form of control exercised primarily
    through a society's superstructure--central
    system of practices, meanings and values.

25
Gramscis Theory
  • A study of how the ideological structure of a
    dominant class is actually organized namely the
    material organization aimed at maintaining,
    defending and developing the theoretical or
    ideological front.

26
Mean Girls
  • http//youtu.be/X34Jo5OAJ6s
  • http//youtu.be/oagshW5DQDI?hd1

27
Hegemony Expanded
  • Williams Theory
  • We have to emphasize that hegemony is not
    singular indeed that its own internal structures
    are highly complex, and have continually to be
    renewed, recreated and defended and by the same
    token, that they can be continually challenged
    and in certain respects modified

28
Hegemony Expanded
  • Hegemony works to Distinguish the large features
    of different epochs of society, as between feudal
    and bourgeois, or what might be, than at
    distinguishing between different phases of
    bourgeois society, and different moments within
    the phases.

29
Selective Tradition
  • Within the terms of an effective dominant
    culture, is always passed off as the tradition,
    the significant past
  • selectivity is the point the way in which from a
    whole possible area of past and present, certain
    meanings and practices are chosen for emphasis,
    certain other meanings and practices are
    neglected and excluded.

30
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31
Althusser
  • Ideological State Apparatuses (ISA)
  • A certain number of realities which present
    themselves to the immediate observer in the form
    of distinct and specialized institutions.

32
ISA Institutions
  • The religious ISA (the system of the different
    Churches),
  • The educational ISA (the system of the different
    public and private Schools)
  • The family ISA
  • The legal ISA
  • The political ISA (the political system,
    including the different Parties),
  • The trade-union ISA,
  • The communications ISA (press, radio and
    television, etc.),
  • The cultural ISA (Literature, the Arts, sports,
    etc.).

33
ISA
  • Althusser states, The class (or class alliance)
    in power cannot lay down the law in the ISAs as
    easily as it can in the (repressive) State
    apparatus, not only because the former ruling
    classes are able to retain strong positions there
    for a long time, but also because the resistance
    of the exploited classes

34
Functions of ISA
  • State Apparatus rather I or R function both by
    violence and by ideology
  • Ideological State Apparatus functions massively
    and predominantly by Ideology and secondly by
    repressive (The Greatest Distinction)

35
Functions of ISA
  • ISAs contribute to reproduction of the relations
    of production by disseminating ideas to be
    commonly held (ideology) and work in concert with
    minimal contradiction of class structure ruling
    class power and proletariat oppression.

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37
  • Belief derives from the ideas of the individual
    concerned, with a consciousness which contains
    the ideas of his belief. In this way, by means
    of the absolutely ideological conceptual
    device.
  • The individual in question behaves in such and
    such a way, adopts such and such a practical
    attitude, and, what is more, participates in
    certain regular practices which are those of the
    ideological apparatus on which depend the ideas
    which he has in all consciousness freely chosen
    as a subject.

38
The Truman Show
  • http//youtu.be/NwyVbvVtL6U

39
Althussers Theory
  • There is no practice except by and in an ideology
  • There is no ideology except by the subject and
    for subjects

40
Interpellations
  • By the category of the subject
  • the category of the subject is only constitutive
    of all ideology insofar as all ideology has the
    function (which defines it) of constituting
    concrete individuals as subjects.

41
Obviousness
  • Like all obviousnesss, including those that make
    a word name a thing or have a meaning the
    obviousness that you and I are subjects and
    that that does not cause any problems is an
    ideological effect, the elementary ideological
    effect

42
Functions of Interpellations
  • Ideological recognition
  • The second ideological function being
    misrecognition
  • You and I are always already subjects, and as
    such constantly practice the rituals of
    ideological recognition, which guarantee for us
    that we are indeed concrete, individual,
    distinguishable and (naturally) irreplaceable
    subjects.
  • This ideological recognition is our Consciousness

43
The Subject Matter
  • All ideology hails or interpellates concrete
    individuals as concrete subjects, by the
    functioning of the category of the subject
  • Ideology acts or functions in such a way that
    it recruits subjects among the individuals, or
    transforms the individuals into subjects by
    that very precise operation which I have called
    interpellation or hailing.
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