Speech Terms: information taken from Division of Classics

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Speech Termsinformation taken from Division of
Classics
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What is rhetoric?

• Rhetoric (from Greek)
• one of the three original liberal arts.
• the seven liberal arts comprise two groups of
  studies, the trivium and the quadrivium
• Liberal arts studies intended to provide general
  knowledge and intellectual skills, rather than
  occupational or professional skills

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• Trivium grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic (or
  logic)
• Quadrivium arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and
  music

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Definitions of Rhetoric
Plato  Rhetoric is "the art of winning the soul
by discourse." Aristotle Rhetoric is "the
faculty of discovering in any particular case all
of the available means of persuasion."
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Definitions of Rhetoric
Cicero  Rhetoric is "speech designed to
persuade." Quintillian  "Rhetoric is the art of
speaking well. Philip Johnson "Rhetoric is the
art of framing an argument so that it can be
appreciated by an audience."
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Definitions of Rhetoric
John Locke Rhetoric, that powerful instrument
of error and deceit.  George Kennedy Rhetoric
in the most general sense may perhaps be
identified with the energy inherent in
communication  the emotional energy that impels
the speaker to speak, the physical energy
expanded in the utterance, the energy level coded
in the message, and the energy experienced by the
recipient in decoding the message. 
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Definitions of Rhetoric

• The study of rhetoric does not include informal
  modes of speech such as
• small talk
• Jokes
• Greetings
• Exclamations
• Gossip
• Simple explanations
• Directions
• (from Mrs. Wagner's Homepage, James F. Byrnes
  High School)

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5 Parts of Rhetoric (from Mrs. Wagner's Homepage,
James F. Byrnes High School)
Inventio Dispositio Elocutio Memoria Pronuntiatio
   
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Inventio
The Latin term for invention or discovery
concerned with a system or method for finding
arguments Logos, Pathos, Ethos
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Dispositio

• may be translated as arrangement or
  organization
• the division of rhetoric concerned with the
  effective and orderly arrangement of the parts of
  a written or spoken discourse  
• Latin rhetoricians recognized 6 parts
• the introduction (exordium)
• the statement or exposition of the case under
  discussion (narratio)
• the outline of the points or steps in the
  argument (divisio)
• the proof of the case (confirmatio)
• the refutation of the opposing arguments
  (confutatio)
• the conclusion (peroratio)

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Elocutio

• Stems from the Latin verb loqui (to speak)
• 3 levels of style
• low or plain style (Instructing)
• middle or forcible style (Moving)
• high or florid style (Charming) 
• Concerns of style
• Choice of words (correctness, purity, simplicity,
  clearness, appropriateness)
• composition or arrangement of words (phrases and
  clauses, syntax, patterns of sentences, use of
  conjunctions, etc.)

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Memoria
Concerned with memorizing speeches 
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Pronuntiatio
The theory of delivery
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• Alliteration repetition of the same sound
  beginning several words in sequence.
• Let us go forth to lead the land we love.
• J. F. Kennedy, Inaugural

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• Anadiplosis ("doubling back") the rhetorical
  repetition of one or several words specifically,
  repetition of a word that ends one clause at the
  beginning of the next.
• Men in great place are thrice servants servants
  of the sovereign or state servants of fame and
  servants of business.
• Francis Bacon

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• Anaphora the repetition of a word or phrase at
  the beginning of successive phrases, clauses or
  lines.
• We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the
  end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on
  the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing
  confidence and growing strength in the air, we
  shall defend our island, whatever the cost may
  be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight
  on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the
  fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the
  hills. We shall never surrender.
• Winston Churchill.

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• Antistrophe (also, epistrophe) repetition of the
  same word or phrase at the end of successive
  clauses.
• In 1931, ten years ago, Japan invaded Manchukuo
  -- without warning. In 1935, Italy invaded
  Ethiopia -- without warning. In 1938, Hitler
  occupied Austria -- without warning. In 1939,
  Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia -- without warning.
  Later in 1939, Hitler invaded Poland -- without
  warning. And now Japan has attacked Malaya and
  Thailand -- and the United States --without
  warning.
• Franklin D. Roosevelt

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• Anastrophe transposition of normal word order
• The helmsman steered the ship moved on yet
  never a breeze up blew.
• Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

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• Antithesis opposition, or contrast of ideas or
  words in a balanced or parallel construction.
• Brutus Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I
  loved Rome more.
• Shakespeare, Julius Caesar

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• Apophasis the mention of something in
  disclaiming intention of mentioning it--or
  pretending to deny what is really affirmed.
• Our country puts 1 billion a year up to help
  feed the hungry.   And we're by far the most
  generous nation in the word when it comes to
  that, and I'm proud to report that.  This isn't a
  contest of who's the most generous.  I'm just
  telling you as an aside.  We're generous.  We
  shouldn't be bragging about it.  But we are. 
  We're very generous.
• (President George W. Bush, 9 August 2004)

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• Aporia expression of doubt (often feigned) by
  which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he
  should think, say, or do.
• Then the steward said within himself, 'What
  shall I do?
• Luke 16

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• Apostrophe a sudden turn from the general
  audience to address a specific group or person or
  personified abstraction absent or present.
• For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar's angel.
• Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him.
• Shakespeare, Julius Caesar

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• Archaism use of an older or obsolete form.
• Pipit sate upright in her chair
• Some distance from where I was sitting.
• T. S. Eliot, "A Cooking Egg"

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• Assonance similarity in sound between internal
  vowels in neighboring words.
• -"Strips of tinfoil winking like people" (Sylvia
  Plath)

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• Asyndeton lack of conjunctions between
  coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.
• We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet
  any hardships, support any friend, oppose any foe
  to assure the survival and the success of
  liberty.
• J. F. Kennedy, Inaugural
• But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we
  cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground.
• Lincoln, Gettysburg Address

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• Bdelygmia litany of abuse--a series of critical
  epithets, descriptions, or attributes.
• (Pronounced "de LIG me uh")  Gk. "abuse"
• You nauseate me, Mr. Grinch.
• With a nauseous super-naus.
• You're a crooked jerky jockey
• And you drive a crooked horse.
• Mr. Grinch.
• You're a three decker sauerkraut and toadstool
  sandwich
• With arsenic sauce."
• (Dr. Seuss, How the Grinch Stole Christmas) 

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• Cacophony harsh joining of sounds.
• We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang
  who work your wicked will.
• W. Churchill

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• Chiasmus two corresponding pairs arranged not in
  parallels
• (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order
• (a-b-b-a) from shape of the Greek letter chi
  (X).
• Those gallant men will remain often in my
  thoughts and in my prayers always.
• MacArthur

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• Epimone frequent repetition of a phrase or
  question dwelling on a point.
• (Pronunciation "eh PIM o nee") Gk. "tarrying,
  delay"
• -"Who is here so base that would be a bondman? If
  any, speak for him I have offended. Who is here
  so rude that would not be a Roman?  If any speak
  for him have I offended."
• (Shakespeare, Julius Caesar III.ii)

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• Euphemism substitution of an inoffensive term
  for one considered offensively explicit.
• "Ground beef" for "ground flesh of a dead cow"
  "veal" for "tender dead flesh of a baby cow."

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• Litotes understatement, for intensification, by
  denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed.
  
• A few unannounced quizzes are not
  inconceivable.
• War is not healthy for children and other living
  things.
• One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day.

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• Metaphor a comparison achieved through a
  figurative use of words the word is used not in
  its literal sense, but in one analogous to it.
• Life's but a walking shadow a poor player,
• That struts and frets his hour upon the stage.
• Shakespeare, Macbeth

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• Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the
  juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict
  one another.
• I must be cruel only to be kind.
• Shakespeare, Hamlet

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• Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common
  sense, but that may yet have some truth in it.
• What a pity that youth must be wasted on the
  young.
• George Bernard Shaw

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• Personification attribution of personality to an
  impersonal thing.
• England expects every man to do his duty.
• Lord Nelson

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• Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a
  series of coordinate words, phrases, or clauses.
• I said, "Who killed him?" and he said, "I don't
  know who killed him but he's dead all right," and
  it was dark and there was water standing in the
  street and no lights and windows broke and boats
  all up in the town and trees blown down and
  everything all blown and ...
• Hemingway, After the Storm

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• Simile a comparison between two things using
  'like' or 'as'
• My love is as a fever, longing still
• For that which longer nurseth the disease,
• Shakespeare, Sonnet CXLVII

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• Tautology repetition of an idea in a different
  word, phrase, or sentence.
• With malice toward none, with charity for all.
• Lincoln, Second Inaugural

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The 3 Appeals

• Relating to the audience/reader through
• Ethos
• Logos
• Pathos

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Ethical Appeal Ethos

• Sense of credibility or trustworthiness that an
  author establishes in his/her writing.
• Relates to the Greek term ethics

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Rational Appeal Logos

• Refers to systems of reasoning. Appeals to
  patterns, conventions, and modes of reasoning
  that the audience finds convincing and
  persuasive.
• Translates into word or reason

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Emotional Appeal Pathos
Persuades audiences by using emotions