Psychological stress

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Psychological stress

• Institute of medical psychology Panfang

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Psychological stress

• The definition of stress
• Canon
• Selye H,1907-1982
• general adaptation syndrome
• alarm
• resistance
• exhaustion

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The development of definition of stress

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Psychological stress

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Psychological stress

• The process of stress

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Physiological interaction
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stressor

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The types of stressors

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• 1.?????? physical stressor
• 2.?????? psychological stressor
• 3.?????? social stressor
• 4.?????? cultural stressor

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The types of stressors

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The types of stressors

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• 1.??????positive live events
• 2.??????negative events

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The types of stressors

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• 1.???? objective events
• 2.???? subjective events

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The research of stressor

• Holmes and Rahe (1976) 5000subjects
• Social Readjustment Rating Scale, SRRS,
  Life Change Unite,LCU
• lt150LCU0
• 150-300LCU 50
• gt30086
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The research of stressor

• negative,
• unpredictable,
• persistant,
• Un-control
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Psychological response of stress

• 1.Excessive and compulsive behaviors, such as
  nail biting, overeating,pacing,picking and
  talking.
• 2.Illogical and non-coherent thinking, as
  evidenced by memory loss,repetitive
  thoughts,reduced ability to solve day to day
  problems.
• 3.negative emotion, such as anger,anxiety,
  depression,guilt,or shame.

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Behavior response of stress

• 1.escape or avoidance
• 2.regression or dependence
• 3.hostility or attack
• 4.helplessness and self-pity
• 5.drug addiction

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physiological response

• According to Selyes and Cannon the response of
  stress is fight and flight response
• fight---confrontation
• flight---escape

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Fight-flight response (reflection)
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Physiological response of stress

• The endocrine Response
• Our endocrine system secretes hormones directly
  into our bloodstream via a series of glands.
• Adrenal glands Adrenal medulla(inner
  cove)-----adrenaline-----increase the activity
  level of our heart, liver, and muscles.
• Adrenal cortex(outer
  shell)----corticosteroids-----reduce inflammation

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Physiological response of stress
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Physiological response of stress

• The Immune Response
• Immuno-suppressants our bodies release natural
  suppressants when under stress. Those
  suppressants decrease the efficiency of our
  immune system.

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Stress system (interaction of physiology)

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The interaction of psychology

• Cognitive appraisal means the ideas of the
  nature , intensity , persistence time and danger
  about stressor.
• There are two types of cognitive appraisal
  First cognitive appraisal and second Cognitive
  appraisal

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Cognitive appraisal
adaptation
First appraisal
event
Problem focus
Second appraisal
Emotion focus
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Coping

• What is coping?
• Characteristic way of one handle with stress.
• Types of coping
• Coping can be divided into two types.
• problem solving and emotional coping

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Types of coping

• Problem solving attempts to change the
  conditions that produce stress. eg. reduce the
  tension of noise, study hard, and take rest.
• Emotional coping altering of oneself to reduce
  tress. eg cry, doing excise and relax.

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The study of coping

• The study of coping style
• positive and negative coping
• The study of coping and stress
• coping styles effect the response of stress
• The study of coping theory

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Defense mechanism

• The definition of Defense mechanism
• The kind of Defense mechanism
• denial,regression,fantasy,displacement,rational
  ization,reaction formation,etc.

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Personality traits and vulnerability to stress

• 1.Anxiety a fear response to a perceived future
  threat
• 2.Depressiona mood disorder characterized by
  excessive sadness
• 3.Learned helplessnessOccurs when a person has
  learned to be helpless in one situation and
  transfers that appraisal to a new situation in
  which an adequate response is possible.

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Personality traits and vulnerability to stress

• 4.Hostility a state of antagonism or enmity
• 5. Self-absorbed excessively engrosses in ones
  self or ones affairs.
• 6.Vigilancealert watchfulness

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Personality Types and Vulnerability

• Type A a personality type characterized by
  impatience and work addiction thought
  susceptible to premature heart disorders.
• Type B personality type characterized by
  patience,trust, good nature,and an easy going
  style that is thought to protect them against
  premature heart disorders.

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The urgent behavior of type A personality based
on a set of beliefs and fears, many of which are
irrational

• Beliefs
• 1.My self-esteem is based on my material
  accomplishments.
• 2.I am worthless if I do not achieve worldly
  success.
• 3.There are no universal moral principles.
• 4. All human and natural resources are limited

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The urgent behavior of type A personality based
on a set of beliefs and fears, many of which are
irrational

• Fears
• 1.Good may not prevail over evil there fore, I
  cannot expect justice in this world.
• 2.I may not get my fair share of worldly good.
• 3.A lack of success will cause me to be judged as
  worthless.

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Hardy personality

• There are some personality traits that make it
  easier for a person to handle stress

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Hardy personality study

• Kobasa (1979)studied two groups of executives who
  had all experienced stressful life events within
  the past 3 years. Those in one group had become
  physically ill following the events,while the
  other had not.

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Hardy personality study

• The hardy excutives possessed three
  characteristics that the others did not
• 1.They had a great feeling of control
• 2.They had a strong sense of commitment to
  specific goals in their lives
• 3.They viewed change as a challenge rather than
  as a threat.

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The good way to copy with stress

• The good way to copy with stress
• Rethink
• Reduce
• Relax
• Release

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Rethink the value of stress thing

• Normally we think or decided the thing is bad or
  not bad to us at first, and then we are in state
  of stress.
• Rethinking means that not every thing is all
  good or bad.
• Going to abroad to study is a good thing,but you
  had to adapt to everything.
• Having no opportunity to abroad is a bad
  thing,but you can live with your family.

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How to reduce the response of stress

1. Knowing when the stressful thing will come(the
   ability of forecasting).
2. Sense of control(control the stressful
   situation).
3. Getting social support.
4. Knowing how long is the stressful thing existing.

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How to relax the tense of stress

• Walking
• Running
• Swimming
• Singing

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How to release the negative emotion

• To talk to you friends
• Cry
• Going to a trip

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Thank you very much!

• Please study the social support after class.