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SKELETAL SYSTEM

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SKELETAL SYSTEM Casey Ferrara. Alicja Reczynska. Rebecca Chang. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: SKELETAL SYSTEM


1
SKELETAL SYSTEM
  • Casey Ferrara. Alicja Reczynska. Rebecca Chang.

2
Composition and Function
  • Composed of a network of hard and soft tissues
    including bone, cartilage, ligaments, and
    tendons.
  • These tissues form the framework that provides
    structural support to the body and gives it its
    characteristic shape.
  • Protects internal organs
  • Facilitates movement by providing attachment
    sites for muscles.
  • Storage facility for minerals such as calcium
  • Forming blood cells
  • Maintaining an energy reserve of lipids

3
Axial Skeleton
  • Bones surrounding the midline (axis of the body)
    forming the head and trunk
  • Skull
  • Auditory Ossicles (ear bones)
  • Hyoid Bone
  • Vertebral Column
  • Sternum
  • Ribs

4
  • Skull anatomically subdivided into 8 cranial
    bones and 14 facial bones
  • Auditory Ossicles - In the middle ear the
    maleus, incus, and stapes
  • These tiny bones transmit vibrations from the
    eardrum to the inner ear.
  • Hyoid bone- located in the higher part of the
    neck and attaches the muscles of the tongue.

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6
  • Sternum (aka the breastbone) - consists of three
    parts.
  • Top Manubrium - Middle Body or Gladiolus
  • Bottom Xiphoid Process

7
  • Ribs 12 pairs
  • First 7 pairs are attached to the sternum by
    cartilage (considered true ribs)
  • Next 3 pairs are indirectly attached to the
    sternum by the cartilage of the seventh pair (
    called false ribs)
  • 2 pairs do not connect to the sternum at all (
    known as the floating ribs)

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  • Vertebral Column Protect the spinal cord.
  • Provide site attachments for ribs and muscles
  • 1st vertebra atlas- moves head forward and back
  • 2nd vertebra axis- moves head side to side
  • 7 Cervical vertebrae (including the first 2
    specific ones) head movement
  • Below the neck are 12 thoracic vertebrae -
    surfaces that join with the ribs
  • Below are 5 lumbar vertebrae - support a
    tremendous amount of the body's weight

10
  • In adults, the five sacral vertebrae are fused
    together to form the sacrum
  • The sacrum joins with the pelvic girdle to form
    the pelvis
  • The remaining bones make up the coccyx (aka
    tailbone)
  • Provides some movement
  • Part of the pelvic
  • Connected to several muscles and ligaments
  • Connects hips

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12
Appendicular Skeleton
  • Two pectoral girdles (shoulders)
  • Two pelvic girdles (hips)

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14
  • Bones of the upper and lower extremities.
  • Arms
  • Legs
  • Hands
  • Feet

15
Long Bones
  • General Structure
  • Long shaft called diaphysis
  • 2 ends called epiphysis
  • Examples femur, humerus
  • Function as a support for movement
  • Contains yellow and red bone marrow which produce
    red blood cells

16
Joint Articulation
  • Where two bones come together
  • Three types
  • Immovable Synarthrosis
  • thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. E.g.
    Skull
  • Amphiarthroses Slightly movable
  • hyaline cartilage or fibro cartilage E.g.
    Intervertebral disks, ribs

17
  • Diarthroses - Freely movable joints
  • The ends of the opposing bones are covered with
    hyaline cartilage
  • Joint cavity
  • Dense fibrous joint capsule.
  • Ligaments that hold the bones together
  • The inner layer is the synovial membrane that
    secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity for
    lubrication.

18
Osteoporosis
19
Osteoporosis
  • What is it?
  • Osteoporosis is having a bone density over 25
    less than that of other individuals of the same
    sex, age, and race
  • It is a decrease in bone strength and bone mass

20
Osteoporosis
  • The etiology of osteoporosis is usually
    associated with
  • a lack of certain sex hormones in
    menopause/andropause
  • Lack of calcium and vitamin D
  • Inactivity or lack of exercise

21
Causes
  • Some see osteoporosis as the result of chronic
    metabolic acidosis, or an excess acid load

22
Most at Risk
  • Women over fifty, or post-menopausal women are
    the most at risk for contracting osteoporosis
  • Asian and Caucasian women are at the most risk

23
Diagnosis
  • Osteoporosis can be easily diagnosed with a
    routine x-ray
  • The American Medical Association, along with The
    National Osteoporosis Foundation now recommend a
    dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan to detect
    osteoporosis.
  • measures bone density in the hip and the spine.
  • 5 to 15 minutes to perform
  • very precise

24
Symptoms
  • Surprisingly, bone loss is often without
    noticeable symptoms.
  • People may be unaware that they have fallen
    victim to osteoporosis until they suffer a break
    or fracture from a mild slip or fall

25
Symptoms
  • As the disease progresses, the symptoms may
    include
  • Loss of height (up to six inches)
  • Tenderness of bones
  • Neck pain
  • Back pain
  • Abdominal pain
  • Rib pain
  • toothaches
  • Fatigue
  • Spinal deformities

26
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y/fullsize/17156.jpg
27
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g
28
Treatment
  • CALCIUM CALCIUM CALCIUM!!!
  • Vitamin D supplements are also advisable
  • Regular exercise is necessary to keep the bones
    strong and avoid fractures

29
Treatments
  • However, recent studies show that hormonal
    estrogen supplements increase substantially a
    womans risk for breast cancer, heart disease,
    and stroke
  • The risks now outweigh the benefits

30
Treatments
  • Evista- does not increase risk of cancer.
    However, it does increase blood clots and hot
    flashes
  • Actonel- inhibits cells that break down bone.
    Intake must be carefully monitored because it can
    lead to ulcers in the esophagus

31
The System Connections
32
Skeletal System Connections
  • The skeletal system provides the foundation for
    our body ?
  • It gives us structure and is our basic framework
    ?
  • It also supports other systems, since all of our
    body systems are interrelated and interdependent ?

33
Skeletal System Connections
  • Our skeleton supports our other systems
  • It protects our vital organs
  • It provides the attachments for our muscles
    (muscular system)

34
Skeletal System Connections
  • The calcium released is an essential component of
    the nervous system
  • Sensory receptors between the joints provide the
    brain with the necessary positioning information

35
http//www.amersol.edu.pe/class09/_09tgupta/7th/sc
ience/Human/Images/humanskel.jpg
36
Ossification
  • What is it?
  • the synthesis of bone from cartilage
  • What are the types of ossification?
  • Intramembranous ossification
  • Endochondral ossification

37
Intramembranous Ossification
  • Transformation of embryo cells into bone
  • Mesenchyme cells from an embryo are turned into
    connective tissue
  • Such as the skull

38
Endochondral Ossification
  • Gradual change of cartilage into bone during
    development
  • Regions of bone growth are called ossification
    centers within the cartilage from osteoblasts,
    actively dividing bone forming cells.

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40
Significance??
  • Ossification allows the development of bone
    within the embryo
  • One such development is the skull through
    intramembranous ossification
  • development of bones, with the use of proteins
    (collagen fibers), calcium carbonate

41
Pagets Disease
  • What is Pagets disease and who does it affect?
  • Disorder relating to the breakdown and formation
    of bones
  • causes bones to expand and weaken.
  • New bones grow weaker and larger
  • Occurs in men and women equally over the age of
    40, rarely diagnosed under though.

42
Causes and What Bones Affected..
  • Its a mystery!
  • Theories include a virus in early development of
    bones as well as genetics
  • These are the most common areas that are
    affected
  • Arm
  • Collar Bone?
  • Leg
  • Pelvis
  • Spine

43
Symptoms and Tests
  • Bone Pain (may be severe and persistent)
  • Bowing of the legs and other visible deformities
  • Enlarged head
  • Fracture
  • Headache
  • Hearing loss
  • Joint Pain or stiffness
  • Neck pain
  • Reduced height
  • Skull deformities
  • TESTS
  • Bone Scan
  • X-ray

44
Pagets - images
  • Woman with bowed legs due to Pagets
  • This is an image of a healthy bone (top) compared
    to one with Pagets disease.

45
So you have itwhat can you do now?
  • Drugs help increase bone density
  • Biophosphonates
  • Calcitonin
  • Plicamycin
  • In severe cases
  • Orthopedic surgery for specific deformities

46
Rickets
  • What is Rickets?
  • Bone disease affecting younger children where
    bones are weak and soft
  • Who does it affect?
  • Younger children

47
Causes
  • Lack of dietary calcium.
  • Lack of dietary vitamin D.
  • Insufficient sunlight exposure.
  • Vegetarian diets that arent nutritionally
    balanced.
  • Dairy-free or lactose-free diets that arent
    nutritionally balanced.
  • Exclusive breastfeeding without vitamin D
    supplements for the baby.
  • Short bowel syndrome.
  • Kidney disorders, renal tubular acidosis.
  • Some liver disorders that affect absorption of
    dietary fats.

48
Symptoms
  • Pain in bones
  • Increased risk of broken bones, including
    spontaneous breaks that occur by themselves
    without pressure or trauma.
  • Teeth failing to form or being slow to emerge.
  • Dental problems deformed teeth or soft tooth
    enamel.
  • Deformities of the skeleton bowed legs,
    hunch-back, scoliosis, abnormal skull shape.
  • Slowed growth and development.
  • Loss of muscle tone and strength.
  • Muscle cramps and spasms

49
Rickets
50
Treatment
  • Vitamin D supplements, especially specialized
    ones for those who cannot transform the Vitamin
    into its active from in the body.
  • Surgery to fix bone deformities.
  • Increase in calcium.

51
CONCLUSION
  • In conclusion, the skeletal system is the best
    system
  • Ever
  • ever
  • In the universe
  • The
  • End
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