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Title: Module 15 Motivation


1
Module 15Motivation
2
Theories of Motivation
  • Instinct Theory
  • Explains behaviors of animals
  • Drive-Reduction Theory
  • Explains actions to meet biological/physiological
    needs
  • Incentive Theory
  • Explains that we may do things to obtain external
    rewards
  • Cognitive Theory
  • Explains that we may do things to satisfy
    personal beliefs or to meet personal goals

3
Instinct Theory
  • Instinct
  • Innate tendencies or biological forces that
    determine behavior
  • Fixed action pattern
  • Innate biological force that predisposes an
    organism to behave in a fixed way in the presence
    of a specific environmental condition
  • Ethologists
  • Observe how animals use fixed action patterns in
    adapting to their natural environments
  • Lorenz found that soon after birth birds usually
    become attached to, or imprinted on, the first
    moving object they encounter and interact with
    the object as if it was a parent

4
Drive-Reduction Theory
  • Need results in a drive
  • Need is a biological state in which the organism
    lacks something essential for survival (e.g.,
    food, water, O2)
  • Drive is a state of tension that motivates the
    organism to return to a state of homeostasis
    (i.e., a more balanced state)

5
Drive-Reduction Theory
  • Example
  • Not eating for a period of time causes a need for
    food, which produces a drive. The drive
    energizes the person to raid the refrigerator.

6
Incentive Theory
  • Incentive
  • Environmental factor that motivates our behaviors
  • Examples
  • grades
  • praise
  • money
  • college degree

7
Cognitive Theory Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic
Motivation
  • Extrinsic motivation
  • Engaging in certain activities/behaviors that
    either reduce biological needs or help us to
    obtain incentives/ external rewards
  • Intrinsic motivation
  • Engaging in certain activities/behaviors because
    the behaviors themselves are personally rewarding
    OR because engaging in these activities fulfill
    our beliefs/expectations

8
Biological Social Needs
  • Biological needs
  • Physiological requirements that are critical to
    our survival and physical well-being
  • Examples
  • food
  • water
  • sleep
  • avoidance of pain
  • Social needs
  • Needs that are acquired through learning and
    experience
  • Examples
  • achievement motive
  • affiliative motive
  • nurturance motive
  • autonomy motive

9
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
  • A 5-level hierarchy where biological needs are at
    the bottom social needs are at the top
  • Level 1- Physiological needs
  • Food, water, sex, sleep
  • Level 2 Safety needs
  • Protection from harm
  • Level 3 Love Belonging needs
  • Affiliation with others acceptance by others

10
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (cont.)
  • Level 4 Esteem needs
  • Achievement, competency, gaining approval
    recognition
  • Level 5 Self-actualization
  • Fulfillment of ones unique potential

11
Optimal Weight Overweight
  • Optimal/Ideal Weight
  • An almost perfect balance between how much food
    an organism eats how much it needs to meet its
    bodys energy needs
  • Calorie
  • Measure of how much energy food contains
  • Overweight
  • Person is 20 over their ideal weight
  • Insurance Weights
  • Shape.com
  • U.S. Army

12
3 Hunger Factors
  • Biological hunger factors
  • Come from physiological changes in blood
    chemistry signals from digestive organs that
    provide feedback to the brain, which triggers us
    to stop eating
  • Psychosocial hunger factors
  • Come from learned associations between food
    other stimuli
  • snacking while watching TV
  • Socio-cultural pressures to be thin
  • Genetic hunger factors
  • Come from inherited instructions found in our
    genes

13
Biological Hunger Factors
  • Peripheral Cues
  • Come from changes in blood chemistry or signals
    from digestive organs
  • Central Cues
  • Come from the activity of chemicals and
    neurotransmitters in different areas of the brain

14
4 Genetic Hunger Factors
  • Number of fat cells
  • People who inherit a larger number of fat cells
    have the ability to store more fat are more
    likely to be fatter than average
  • Metabolic rates
  • How efficiently our bodies break down food into
    energy how quickly our bodies burn the fuel
  • Set Point
  • A certain level of body fat that our bodies try
    to keep constant throughout our lives
  • Weight-regulating genes
  • Play a role in influencing appetite, metabolism,
    hormone secretions

15
Psychosocial Hunger Factors
  • Learned Associations
  • Eating because it is lunchtime, not because you
    are hungry
  • Social-Cultural Influences
  • The government of the Czech Republic subsidized
    cheap fatty sausage and dairy products in the
    1970s it now has the worlds highest death rates
    from heart disease
  • Personality Traits
  • Some traits are associated with eating problems
  • oversensitive to rejection
  • excessively concerned about approval from others
  • high personal standards for achievement

16
3 Sex Factors
  • Genetic Sex Factors
  • Include the following
  • inherited instructions for the development of
    sexual organs
  • secretion of sex hormones
  • wiring of neural circuits that control sexual
    reflexes
  • Biological Sex Factors
  • Include the following
  • action of sex hormones involved in secondary sex
    characteristics
  • sexual motivation
  • development of ova sperm

17
3 Sex Factors cont.
  • Psychological Sex Factors
  • Play a role in developing the following
  • a sexual or gender identity
  • gender role
  • gender orientation
  • enjoyment of sexual activities

18
Biological Sex Factors
  • Sex Hormones
  • Chemicals secreted by glands, circulate in the
    bloodstream to influence the brain, body organs,
    behaviors
  • Major male hormones androgens
  • Major female hormones estrogens

19
Psychological Influences on Sexual Behavior
  • Gender Identity
  • Individuals subjective experience feelings of
    being either male or female
  • Gender Roles
  • Traditional or stereotypic behaviors, attitudes,
    and personality traits that society designates as
    masculine or feminine
  • Sexual Orientation
  • Homosexual Orientation
  • pattern of sexual arousal by people of the same
    sex
  • Bisexual Orientation
  • pattern of sexual arousal by people of both sexes
  • Heterosexual Orientation
  • pattern of sexual arousal by people of the
    opposite sex

20
Homosexuality
  • Statistics
  • 1-3 of American males
  • 1.4 of American females
  • Genetic/Biological Factors
  • Concordance Rates from Twin Studies
  • Identical Twins 48-65
  • Fraternal Twins 26-30
  • Adopted brothers/sisters 6-11
  • Psychological Factors
  • A tendency to develop a homosexual orientation
    was found among young boys who
  • preferred female playmates girls toys
  • avoided rough tumble play AND
  • engaged in wearing girls clothing

21
Sexual Response, Problems Treatments
  • 2 Categories of sexual problems
  • Paraphilias
  • repetitive or preferred sexual fantasies
    involving non-human objects
  • Sexual dysfunction
  • problems of sexual arousal or orgasm that
    interfere with adequate functioning during sexual
    behavior
  • Example premature or rapid ejaculation,
    inhibited female orgasm

22
Sexual Response, Problems Treatments
  • Finding the Cause
  • Organic Factors
  • medical conditions, drug, or medication problems
    that lead to sexual difficulties
  • Psychological Factors
  • performance anxiety, sexual trauma, guilt or
    failure to communicate

23
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
  • In 1999, there were about 34 million people
    worldwide infected with human immunodeficiency
    virus (HIV)
  • HIV
  • Presence of HIV antibodies
  • AIDS
  • Individual is HIV positive T-cell level is less
    than 200 per cubic ml of blood or has developed
    one or more of 26 specified illnesses

24
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
25
Female Circumcision
  • What Is it?
  • Cutting away the females external genitalia,
    sewing together the remaining edges, leaving
    only a small opening for urination and
    menstruation
  • What Is Its Purpose?
  • Common ritual to physically mark young girls and
    increase their chances for future marriage
  • Usually occurs between the ages of 4 and 10
  • Are there complications?
  • Infections, severe pain, bleeding, hemorrhaging
    can lead to shock and death
  • Is there a solution?
  • U.N. health organizations have endorsed
    anti-circumcision laws, but such laws would not
    eliminate the strong sociocultural tradition that
    supports this practice

26
Need for Achievement
  • Desire to set challenging goals to persist in
    pursuing those goals despite obstacles,
    frustrations, setbacks
  • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
  • Personality test used to measure need for
    achievement

27
Fear of Failure
  • People who are motivated to avoid failure by
    choosing easy, non-challenging tasks where
    failure is less likely to occur
  • Self-handicapping
  • Making up excuses to explain failure outcomes

28
Underachievers
  • Individuals who score high on tests of
    ability/intelligence, but do not perform as well
    as their scores would predict
  • Characteristics
  • Poor self-concept
  • Low self-esteem
  • Poor peer relations
  • Shy
  • Lack of persistence

29
Eating Disorders
  • Anorexia Nervosa
  • Academy for Eating Disorders
  • Bulimia Nervosa

30
Symptoms of an Eating Disorder
  • Anorexia/Bulimia
  • Dramatic weight loss in a relatively short period
    of time.
  • Wearing big or baggy clothes or dressing in
    layers to hide body shape and/or weight loss.
  • Obsession with weight and complaining of weight
    problems (even if "average" weight or thin).
  • Obsession with calories and fat content of foods.
  • Obsession with continuous exercise.
  • Frequent trips to the bathroom immediately
    following meals (sometimes accompanied with water
    running in the bathroom for a long period of time
    to hide the sound of vomiting).

31
Symptoms of an Eating Disorder
  • Visible food restriction and self-starvation.
  • Visible bingeing and/or purging.
  • Use or hiding use of diet pills, laxatives,
    ipecac syrup (can cause immediate death!) or
    enemas.
  • Isolation. Fear of eating around and with others.
  • Unusual Food rituals such as shifting the food
    around on the plate to look eaten cutting food
    into tiny pieces making sure the fork avoids
    contact with the lips (using teeth to scrap food
    off the fork or spoon) chewing food and spitting
    it out, but not swallowing dropping food into
    napkin on lap to later throw away.
  • Hiding food in strange places (closets, cabinets,
    suitcases, under the bed) to avoid eating
    (Anorexia) or to eat at a later time (Bulimia).

32
Symptoms of an Eating Disorder
  • Flushing uneaten food down the toilet (can cause
    sewage problems).
  • Vague or secretive eating patterns.
  • Keeping a "food diary" or lists that consists of
    food and/or behaviors (ie., purging, restricting,
    calories consumed, exercise, etc.)
  • Pre-occupied thoughts of food, weight and
    cooking.
  • Visiting websites that promote unhealthy ways to
    lose weight.
  • Reading books about weight loss and eating
    disorders.
  • Self-defeating statements after food consumption.
  • Hair loss. Pale or "grey" appearance to the skin.
  • Dizziness and headaches.
  • Frequent soar throats and/or swollen glands.

33
Symptoms of an Eating Disorder
  • Low self-esteem. Feeling worthless. Often putting
    themselves down and complaining of being "too
    stupid" or "too fat" and saying they don't
    matter. Need for acceptance and approval from
    others.
  • Complaints of often feeling cold.
  • Low blood pressure.
  • Loss of menstrual cycle.
  • Constipation or incontinence.
  • Bruised or calluses knuckles bloodshot or
    bleeding in the eyes light bruising under the
    eyes and on the cheeks.
  • Perfectionist personality.
  • Loss of sexual desire or promiscuous relations.
  • Mood swings. Depression. Fatigue.
  • Insomnia. Poor sleeping habits

34
Characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa
  • Refusing to eat
  • Body weight is less than 85 of expected body
    weight
  • Intense fear of weight gain
  • Missing at least 3 consecutive menstrual cycles

35
Characteristics of Bulimia Nervosa
  • Minimum of 2 binge-eating episodes per week for
    at least 3 months
  • Fear of not being able to stop eating
  • Regularly engaging in compensatory behaviors such
    as vomiting, use of laxatives, dieting, fasting
  • Excessive concern about body shape weight

36
Treatment for Eating Disorders
  • Anorexia
  • In-hospital treatment focusing on gaining weight
  • Bulimia
  • Psychotherapy
  • Antidepressant medication
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