Integumentary system

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Integumentary system
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Function Of Skin

• Protection - Prevent drying (lipids), outside
  agents from inside (barrier and pH), UV rays
  (melanin)
• Body temperature regulation (Thermoregulation)
  Dilation / contraction of blood vessels, sweating
• Sensation - Receive sensory information-
  receptors for temperature and pressure
• Secretion sebum, excretion too sweat, vitamin
  D production due to UV rays (low dose)

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Keratinization

• Skin cell process of being keratinized newly
  formed cells in the stratum germinativum divide
  and push upward to the surface, they fill up with
  keratin, a protein. They move upward and lose
  their nucleus and die. The cells become horny.
  Takes 28 days.

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Structure Of Skin

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Structures

• Epidermis-Top Layer, Stratified Squamous
  epithelial, no blood vessels, diffusion (O2 ,
  nutrients) Has five layers
• Stratum Corneum- (horny Layer) outer layer. Scale
  like cells (dead) that continually shed. barrier
• Stratum lucidium- (clear Layer) transparent layer
  under the stratum corneum. Small cells that light
  can pass through.
• Stratum Granulum (granular layer) layer, the
  cells look like distinct granules. The cells are
  almost dead (keratinization), they are pushed to
  the surface to replace the cells that were shed
  from the stratum corneum. Lost nuclei and become
  brittle.
• Stratum spinosum (spiny lavers) desmosomes
  interlocking cellular bridges, polyhedron shape.
• Stratum Germinativum (regenerative layer)
  Basal, deepest layer. Responsible for the growth
  (mitosis) of the epidermis. Melanocytes skin
  color

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Skin structure picture cont
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Structures

• Dermis- Corium, true skin, Middle Layer, Dense
  connective tissue, blood, lymph vessels, nerves,
  muscles, glands, hair follicles, papillar below
  epidermis, reticular above subcutaneous
• Hypodermis / subcutaneous- Bottom layer, Adipose
• Sebaceous Gland- Oil, Near hair, rich in lipids
• Sudoriferous- Sweat, pore to outside, water and
  salt
• Arrector Pili- Smooth muscle, Contracts to form
  goose bumps (hair stands on end)
• Nerve- Pain, Pressure, temperature

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Sebaceous gland

• The Sebaceous gland is an oil gland. It is
  connected to the hair follicles. Everywhere on
  your body has an oil gland except for your palms
  and the soles of your feet. Sebum flows through
  the oil ducts leading to the mouths of the hair
  follicles. Sebum lubricates and protects hair /
  skin. Acne pore clogged with sebum. Oxidizes
  blackhead, Pus filled white head / pimple. Deep
  clog boil,holocrine

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Sudoriferous gland

• The sudoriferous gland is a sweat gland. 2 types
  Eccrine produce sweat, Apocirne bodys
  natural scent. Both merocrine All the parts of
  your body have sweat glands. It regulates body
  temperature. The excretion of sweat is controlled
  by the nervous system. Sweating is important for
  survival because it keeps temperature from going
  really high. It allows the body to be cooled by
  the evaporation of sweat.
• Some things that can make your temperature go
  high is Exercising ,Being sick

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Skin coloring differences

• Skin Differences
• The color differences depend primarily on the
  amount of melanin (blood supply too). The tiny
  grains of pigment (melanin) deposited in the
  stratum germinativum of the epidermis and the
  papillary layers of the dermis. The color of
  pigment varies from person to person. The
  distinctive color of the skin is a hereditary
  (genetic) trait and varies among races and
  nationalities. Dark skin contains more active
  melanin Albinism, genetic, absence of melanin.

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Skin Coloring

• Melanin- Pigments responsible for coloring,
  Protects from UV light
• Albinism- Lack of Melanin, Genetic
• Carotene- Yellow pigment, Source of Vitamin A,
  Skin yellow by consumption
• Cyanosis- Bluish color, Lack of O2
• Birth Marks- congenital (at birth), Disorder of
  blood vessels in dermis
• Jaundice yellow skin (billirubin build up)
  impared liver function
• Rash / lesion Scarlet fever, strep infection
  due to toxins released allergic reaction

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HAIR STUCTURE

• 12 scales / cuticle
• 13 cortex
• 14 medulla
• 15 melanocytes
• 16 keratinocytes
• 17 dermal papilla

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Hair- Trichology

• Main characteristic of mammals, none palms, soles
  ,external genitalia
• Shaft- Hair above the surface
• Roots- Below the surface
• 3 Layers of hair- Cuticle (outer layer,), Cortex
  (hard inner layer, pigment), Medulla (soft
  center)
• Hair Follicle- Where hair is found in dermis
• Dermal Papilla- Blood vessels provide hair with
  nutrients to grow

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Anatomic parts of hair

• Cortex
• Cuticle
• Medulla
• Hair root
• Hair shaft
• Follicle
• Hair bulb
• Dermal papilla
• Arrector pilli
• Sebaceous gland

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Hair Growth

• Begin with cells deep in follicle at bulb growing
  by mitosis
• Anagen- Growth phase, hair makes new keratinized
  cells, ½ an inch per month, 3-5 years
• Catagen- The transition phase, the follicle
  shrinks and detaches from papilla(1-2 Weeks)
• Telogen- Resting phase, hair is shed(3-6 Months)
• Entire Cycle- Every 4-5 years

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Hair texture

• Straight, wavy or curly (kinky)
• Alpha keratin cross links.
• Permanent wave Chemical reducing agent break
  disulfide bonds, chemical oxidizing agent make
  new cross links.

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Hair color

• Pigment in cortex give the colors
• Gray lack of pigment in cortex
• White no pigment and air bubbles in shaft
• Trauma cause premature gray / white

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Nails- Onyx

• Nail Bed- Nail attaches to skin
• Nail Root-(Matrix) where nail is formed
• Lunula- white cresent, half-moon, visible matrix,
  air mixed with keratin
• Nail Body- Plate- visible part of nail
• Cuticle- Overlap skin (stratum corneum) around
  the nail, eponychium
• Grows 1/8 in. per month, grows continuously, no
  resting stage

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NAIL STRUCTURE
                                    
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Disorders

• Acne- Disorder of the hair follicle and sebaceous
  gland
• Impetigo- Bacteria making blisters that break to
  form a yellow crust
• Measles- A rash, by virus, damage fetus
• Cold Sores- Herpes simplex 1, Virus
• Warts- Uncontrolled growth of epidermis papilloma
  virus
• Ring Worm- Fungal infection, scaly patches

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Disorders

• Eczema- Inflammation of the skin
• Psoriasis- Increase cell division in the stratum
  basal, thicker skin
• Chicken Pox/Shingles- Virus, remains dormant with
  the nerve cells, painful lesions along dermatones
  
• Dandruff (Pityriasis)- Excessive shedding of
  epithelial cells
• Lice (Pediculosis)- Itching, slight rash
• Vitiligo irregular patches of skin lacking
  pigment.

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Burns description

• First Degree- Only epidermis, red painful, slight
  edema (swelling) Heal without scaring in a week,
  sunburn
• Second Degree- Into the dermis, blisters,
  epidermis from hair follicle
• Third Degree- Tissue completely destroyed, Heals
  from edge of burn, painless because receptors are
  damaged, scaring, sometimes skin graphs

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Burns diagrams
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Aging

• Skin becomes thinner
• Loss of elasticity
• Wrinkles sagging
• Less oil and sweat production
• Age spots loss of melanocytes around it
• Gray in hair lack of melanin

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Wrinkles
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Cancers

• Uncontrolled growth
• Skin cancer (most common type)
• Basal Cell Carcinoma- (Most frequent) Stars in
  Stratum Basal
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma- Cells above stratum
  basal- Keratin bumps
• Melanoma- Rare but deadly in melanocytes- in a
  mole (group of melanocytes)

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Skin cancers
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Skin cancers