Chapter 8 Articulations and Movement

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Chapter 8Articulations and Movement
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Articulations or Joints

• Articulation or Joint
• Place where two bones come together
• Freely moveable to limited to no apparent
  movement
• Structure correlated with movement

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Classes of Joints

• Structural Based on major connective tissue type
  that binds bones
• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial
• Functional Based on degree of motion
• Synarthrosis Nonmoveable
• Amphiarthrosis Slightly moveable
• Diarthrosis Freely moveable

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Fibrous Joints

• Characteristics
• United by fibrous connective tissue
• Have no joint cavity
• Move little or none
• Types
• Sutures
• Syndesmoses
• Gomphoses

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Syndesmoses

• Bones farther apart than suture and joined by
  ligaments (holds bone to bone)
• Some movement may occur

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Gomphoses

• Specialized joints
• Pegs that fit into sockets
• Inflammations
• Gingivitis
• Periodontal disease

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Cartilaginous Joints

• Unite two bones by means of cartilage
• Types
• Synchondroses
• Joined by hyaline
• Little or no movement
• Symphyses
• Fibrocartilage uniting two bones

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Concept Check

• What is articulation?
• -point of contact b/n two bones
• What type of joint is gomphoses? symphyses?
• -Fibrous Joint in jaw (holds teeth) Fibrous
  Joint
• What is the difference b/n synarthrosis,
  amphiarthrosis, diarthorsis?
• -non-moveable slightly moveable, and freely
  moveable

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Synovial Joints

• Allow considerable movement
• Most joints that unite bone of appendicular
  skeleton
• Complex
• Articular cartilage and disks
• Joint cavity and capsule
• Synovial membrane and fluid
• Ligments and menisci
• Bursae
• Pockets of synovial fluid reduces friction
• Bursitis

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Types of Synovial Joints

• Plane or gliding
• Saddle
• Hinge
• Pivot
• Ball-and-socket
• Ellipsoid
• See Table 8.2 pg. 247

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Types of Synovial Joints

• Uniaxial-movement _at_ 1 axis 1 plane
• Biaxial- 2 perpendicular axis 2 perpendicular
  planes
• Multiaxial- 3 or more axes 3 or more planes

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Plane and Pivot Joints

• Plane or Gliding Joints
• Monoaxial/Slight Movement
• Example
• Articular processes between vertebrae
  (intervertebral)
• Sacroiliac
• Pivot Joints
• Monoaxial/Rotation
• Example
• Articulation between dens of axis and atlas
• Radius w/ ulna

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Saddle and Hinge Joints

• Saddle Joints
• Biaxial/Slight Movement
• Example Thumb
• Hinge Joints
• Monoaxial
• Example Elbow, Knee
• Multiaxial
• Example
• Ankle-One predominates

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Ellipsoid and Ball-and-Socket Joints

• Ellipsoid
• Modified ball-and-socket
• Biaxial
• Example Atlantooccipital Joint
• Ball-and-Socket
• Multiaxial
• Examples Shoulder and Hip joints

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Types of Movement

• Gliding
• Angular
• Flexion and Extension
• Hyperextension
• Plantar and Dorsiflexion
• Circular
• Rotation
• Pronation and Supination
• Circumduction

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Flexion and Extension
Posterior/Dorsal
Anterior/Ventral
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Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
toes
heel
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Abduction and Adduction
bring together
take away
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Rotation and Pronation and Supination
face down
lying face up
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Circumduction
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction
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Special Movements

• Unique to only one or two joints
• Types
• Elevation and Depression
• Protraction and Retraction
• Inversion and Eversion

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Elevation and Depression
superior
inferior
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Protraction and Retraction
anterior
posterior
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Inversion and Eversion
medial
lateral
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Concept Check

• How are joints classified?
• Structural Degree of movement
• What type of joint makes up most of the
  appendicular skeleton?
• Synovial Joints
• What components make up a synovial joint?
• Synovial membrane, joint cavity, joint capsule,
  articular cartilage, ligaments, tendons, menisci,
  bursae

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Knee Joint

• Modified hinge joint
• Menisci Fibrocartilage articular disks
• Pad of cartilage b/n bone of a synovial joint
• Cup-shaped for stability cushion guide shock
  absorber
• Cruciate ligaments ACL and PCL
• Collateral ligaments Fibular and tibial

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Parts of the Knee

• Bones Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula
• Muscles Quadriceps, Hamstrings
• Actions Flexion, Extension
• Ligaments
• Anterior Cruciate prevents forward movement of
  tibia (ACL)
• Posterior Cruciate prevents forward movement of
  femur (PCL)
• Lateral Collateral- (Fibula) LCL
• Medial Collateral- (Tibia) MCL
• Tendons Patellar Tendon (Tibia)
• Cartilage (Fibrous Articular Cartilage)
• Medial Meniscus- shock absorber
• Lateral Meniscus- shock absorber

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Knee Injuries and Disorders

• Football injuries
• Bursitis
• Chondromalacia
• Softening of cartilage
• Hemarthrosis
• Blood accumulation w/n joint cavity
• Acute swollen knee
• Water on the knee
• Slower accumulation of fluid may be caused by
  bursitis

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Other Knee Disorders

• Osgood Schlatter- patellar tendon pulls away from
  tibia causing fracture new bone growth
• Associated w/ younger athletes
• Unhappy Triad ?- MCL, ACL, Medial Meniscus
• Caused by posterior, lateral blow or hit
• Dislocated Patella- medial forced w/ slightly
  flexed knee
• Patella flips over
• Bucket Handle Tear- meniscus tears piece fills
  in cavity

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Knee Repair

• Arthroscopy- using tools camera to see inside
  of joint
• Ligament of cartilage repair, doesnt need full
  open exposure to repair
• Arthroplasty- knee replacement
• Diseased or damaged joint

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Sprains/Strains

• Sprain- ligaments
• Strain- muscle tendons
• 1st Degree- stretch
• 2nd Degree- stretch partial tear
• 3rd Degree- complete tear

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Joint Disorders

• Arthritis
• Osteoarthritis Wear and tear
• Rheumatoid Caused by transient infection or
  autoimmune disease
• Joint infections
• Lyme disease Bacterial infection Tick vector
• Gout
• Metabolic disorders of unknown cause (idiopathic
  arising spontaneously - cause unknown)

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Effects of Aging on Joints

• Tissue repair slows
• Production of synovial fluid declines
• Ligaments and tendons become less flexible
• Decrease in ROM (Range of Motion) ?

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Concept Check

• What is the function of menisci?
• Cup shaped to help with stability, cushion,
  guide the knee
• What is the difference b/n a ligament a tendon?
• Ligaments connect bone to bone Tendons connect
  muscle to bone
• What is the difference b/n arthroplasty
  arthroscopy?
• Arthroscopy using tools/camera to see inside the
  joint Arthoplasty knee replacement