Human toll of the Civil War: The North lost 364,000 soldiers. The South lost 260,000 soldiers.

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R E C O N S T R U C T I O N

• Human toll of the Civil War The North lost
  364,000 soldiers. The South lost 260,000
  soldiers.
• Between 1865 and 1877, the federal government
  carried out a program to repair the damage to the
  South and restore the southern states to the
  Union. This program was known as Reconstruction.
• Freedmen (freed slaves) were starting out their
  new lives in a poor region with slow economic
  activity.
• Plantation owners lost slave labor worth 3
  billion.
• Poor white Southerners could not find work
  because of new job competition from Freedmen.
• The war had destroyed two thirds of the Souths
  shipping industry and about 9,000 miles of
  railroad.

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The Taste of Freedom

• Freedom of movement Enslaved people often walked
  away from plantations upon hearing that the Union
  army was near.
• Exodusters moved to Kansas and Texas
• Freedom to own land Proposals to give
  white-owned land to freed people got little
  support from the government. Unofficial land
  redistribution did take place, however.
• Freedom to worship African Americans formed
  their own churches and started mutual aid
  societies, debating clubs, drama societies, and
  trade associations.
• Freedom to learn Between 1865 and 1870, black
  educators founded 30 African American colleges.

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FREEDMEN'S BUREAU

• 1865, Congress created the Freedmans Bureau to
  help former slaves get a new start in life. This
  was the first major relief agency in United
  States history.
• Bureaus Accomplishments
• Built thousands of schools to educate Blacks.
• Former slaves rushed to get an education for
  themselves and their children.
• Education was difficult and dangerous to gain.
• Southerners hated the idea that Freedmen would go
  to school.

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Letter by a Teacher teaching freedmen on the
importance of education, 1869 It is surprising
to me to see the amount of suffering which many
of the people endure for the sake of sending
their children to school. Men get very low wages
here---from 2.50 to 8.00 month usually, while a
first rate hand may get 10.00, and a peck or two
of meal per week for rations-----and a great many
men cannot get work at all. The women take in
sewing and washing, go out by day to sour, etc.
There is one woman who supports three children
and keeps them at school she says, I dont
care how hard I has to work, if I can only send
Sallie and the boys to school looking
respectable.
Importance of Educ to freedmen
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Freedmens Bureau 2
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Freedmens Bureau 4
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Freedmens Bureau 5
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LINCOLN'S 2ND INAUGURAL SPEECH
Lincolns speech
With malice toward none with charity for all
with firmness in the right, as God gives us to
see the right, let us strive on to finish the
work we
are in to bind up the nations wounds.to do all
which may achieve and cherish a just and a
lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all
nations.
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Lincolns Plan for Reconstruction

• State can be brought back into the Union when 10
  percent of its voters from the 1860 election take
  an oath of allegiance to the United States and
  abide by emancipation.
• Lincolns Ten Percent Plan

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pardon
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Wade-Davis Bill

• 50 percent of a states voters must take oath of
  allegiance
• Emancipation for slaves
• Congress will administer Reconstruction
• Lincoln pocket-vetoes the bill, and Congress
  responds by refusing to seat delegates from
  Louisiana government created by Lincolns plan

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• Amnesty Presidential pardon
• Rebels sign an oath of allegiance
• 10 of the population
• Leading Confederates lose right to vote, BUT
• Even high ranking Confederate officials can
  petition for pardons
• Write new state Constitutions
• approve the 13th Amendment
• reject secession and states rights
• submit to U.S. Government authority
• No mention of
• Education for freedmen
• Citizenship and voting rights

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
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John Picture background info
PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON

• Remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War.
• Lincoln chose him as his VP to help with the
  Souths Reconstruction.
• Supported Lincolns Plan
• Engaged in a power struggle with Congress over
  who would lead the country through
  Reconstruction.
• Would be impeached but not removed from office.

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Plans compared
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
Reconstruction Act of 1867--76 (Harsh)

• Amnesty Presidential pardon
• oath of allegiance---50
• high ranking Confederate officials
• lose voting rights if you dont sign oath
• Write new state Constitutions
• Ratify 13, 14 15 Amendments
• reject secession and states rights
• submit to U.S. Government authority
• Help for Freedmen
• Freedmens Bureau for education
• 40 acres and a mule
• Divide the South into 5 military districts

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Radical Republicans
RADICAL REPUBLICANS
Charles Sumner
Thaddeus Stevens

• Wanted to the see the South punished.
• Advocated political, social and economic equality
  for the Freedmen.
• Would go after President Johnson through the
  impeachment process after he vetoes the Civil
  Rights Act of 1866.

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RADICAL REPUBLICANS
Thaddeus Stevens, in Congress, 1866 Strip a
proud nobility of their bloated estates, send
them forth to labor and you will thus humble the
proud traitors. Thaddeus Stevens, in Congress,
1867 I am for Negro suffrage in every rebel
state. If it be just, it should not be denied
if it be necessary, it should be adopted if it
be a punishment of traitors, they deserve it.
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BLACK CODES

• As southern states were restored to the Union
  under President Johnsons plan, they began to
  enact black codes, laws that restricted
  freedmens rights.
• The black codes established virtual slavery with
  provisions such as these
• Curfews Generally, black people could not gather
  after sunset.
• Vagrancy laws Freedmen convicted of vagrancy
  that is, not working could be fined, whipped, or
  sold for a years labor.
• Labor contracts Freedmen had to sign agreements
  in January for a year of work. Those who quit in
  the middle of a contract often lost all the wages
  they had earned.
• Land restrictions Freed people could rent land
  or homes only in rural areas. This restriction
  forced them to live on plantations.

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BLACK CODES
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Johnsons Veto

• President Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Act of
  1866
• Gave to Freedmens Bureau for schools and
  granted citizenship to the Freedmen
• Congress believed Johnson was working against
  Reconstruction and overrode his veto.
• Leads to the 14th Amendment

An inflexible President, 1866 Republican
cartoon shows Johnson knocking Blacks of the
Freedmens Bureau by his veto.
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Impeachment process
IMPEACHMENT PROCESS
Impeachment Bringing charges against the
President. Two steps involved 1st Step U. S.
House of Representatives hold hearings to decide
if there are crimes committed. They then vote on
the charges and if there is a majority, then,
charges are brought against the President. 2nd
Step U.S. Senate becomes a courtroom. The
President is tried for the charges brought
against him. The Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court is the judge. Once trial is completed,
Senators must vote to remove President with a
2/3s vote.
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JOHNSON'S IMPEACHMENT

• Brought up on 11 charges of high crimes and
  misdemeanors.
• Tenure in Office Act Law Congress passed.
  President cant fire any of his cabinet members
  without consulting Congress.
• fired Edwin Stanton
• Missed being removed from office by 1 vote

• Presidency would suffer as a result of this
  failed impeachment.
• President would be more of a figure-head.
• Saved the separation of powers of 3 branches govt.

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Civil Rights What Blacks want
CIVIL RIGHTS
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14th Rights of Citizens
14th AMENDMENT

All persons born in the U.S. are citizens of
this country and the state they reside in. No
state shall make or enforce any law which
deprives any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law, nor deny to
any person within its jurisdiction to the equal
protection of the laws. The Congress shall have
power to enforce by appropriate legislation, the
provisions of this article.
14th
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15th Voting Rights
15th AMENDMENT

The right of citizens of the United States to
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any State on account of race,
color, or previous condition of servitude. The
Congress shall have power to enforce this article
by appropriate legislation.
14th
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Voting rights
CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS

• 13th AmendmentAbolished slavery(1865)
• 14th Amendment Provided citizenship equal
  protection under the law. (1868)
• 15th Amendment Provided the right to vote for all
  men which included white and black men. (1870)

Giving the Black man the right to vote was truly
revolutionary..A victory for democracy!
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The 14th and 15th Amendments

• In 1867 and 1869 Congress passed the 14th and
  15th Amendments, granting African American males
  citizenship, equality under the law and the right
  to vote.
• In 1867 and 1868, voters in southern states chose
  delegates to draft new state constitutions. One
  quarter of the delegates elected were black.
• The new state constitutions guaranteed civil
  rights, allowed poor people to hold political
  office, and set up a system of public schools and
  orphanages.
• In 1870, southern black men voted in legislative
  elections for the first time. More than 600
  African Americans were elected to state
  legislatures, Louisiana gained a black governor,
  and Hiram Revels of Mississippi became the first
  African American elected to the Senate.

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Black Congressmen

• First Black Senators and representatives in the
  42st and 42nd Congress.
• Senator Hiram Revels, on the left was elected in
  1870 to replace the seat vacated by Jefferson
  Davis.

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• Once Johnson is impeached, Congress passes
  Reconstruction Act of 1867.
• The South would be reconstructed under the
  Radical Republicans plan.
• Republicans would elect Grant as their President
  and he would carry out the Radical Reconstruction.

The Strong Government, 1869-1877. Grant
enforcing the Reconstruction Act of 1867 and
forcing the South to change.
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Military Reconstruction
Each number indicates the Military Districts
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Abolitionists vs Womens rights

• Women rights supporters refused to support the
  14th Amendment giving African American Men
  citizenship unless women were added to it.
• Abolitionists would not support womens rights

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New South

• New South
• Becomes industrialized
• Cities rebuilt
• Railroads
• Schools, over a thousand
• Hospitals, 45 in 14 states
• Diversify economy.

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Funding Reconstruction

• Rebuilding the Souths infrastructure, the public
  property and services that a society uses, was
  one giant business opportunity.
• Roads, bridges, canals, railroads, and telegraph
  lines had to be rebuilt.
• Funds were also needed to expand services to
  southern citizens. Following the Norths example,
  all southern states created public school systems
  by 1872.
• Congress, private investors, and heavy taxes paid
  for Reconstruction. Spending by Reconstruction
  legislatures added another 130 million to
  southern debt.

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K K K

• Ku Klux Klan refers to a secret society or an
  inner circle
• Organized in 1867, in Pulaski, Tennessee by
  Nathan Bedford Forrest.
• Represented the ghosts of dead Confederate
  soldiers
• Disrupted Reconstruction as much as they could.
• Opposed Republicans, Carpetbaggers, Scalawags and
  Freedmen.

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Spreading Terror
K K K

• The Federal Response
• President Grants War On Terrorism.
• The Enforcement Act of 1870 banned the use of
  terror, force, or bribery to prevent people from
  voting.
• Other laws banned the KKK and used the military
  to protect voters and voting places.
• As federal troops withdrew from the South, black
  suffrage all but ended.

• The Ku Klux Klan
• The Klan sought to eliminate the Republican Party
  in the South by intimidating voters.
• They wanted to keep African Americans as
  submissive laborers.
• They planted burning crosses on the lawns of
  their victims and tortured, kidnapped, or
  murdered them.
• Prosperous African Americans, carpetbaggers, and
  scalawags became their victims.

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kkk
K K K
SOUTH'S COUNTER REVOLUTION
ALL HATED BY THE KKK Carpetbaggers
Northerners/Republicans sent to help reconstruct
the South. Scalawags
Southerners who helped
Carpetbaggers Freedmen
Blacks who tried to vote or
were involved in the reconstruction of their
states governments.
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THE REPUBLICAN SOUTH

• During Radical Reconstruction, the Republican
  Party was a mixture of people who had little in
  common except a desire to prosper in the postwar
  South. This bloc of voters included freedmen and
  two other groups carpetbaggers and scalawags.
• Northern Republicans who moved to the postwar
  South became known as carpetbaggers.
• Southerners gave them this insulting nickname,
  which referred to a type of cheap suitcase made
  from carpet scraps.
• Carpetbaggers were often depicted as greedy men
  seeking to grab power or make a fast buck.

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THE REPUBLICAN SOUTH

• White southern Republicans were seen as traitors
  and called scalawags.
• This was originally a Scottish word meaning
  scrawny cattle.
• Refers to one who is a scoundrel, reprobate or
  unprincipled person.
• Some scalawags were former Whigs who had opposed
  secession.
• Some were small farmers who resented the planter
  class. Many scalawags, but not all, were poor.

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kkk
SOUTH'S COUNTER REVOLUTION
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SHARECROPPING

• Sharecroppers were Freedmen and poor Whites who
  stayed in the South and continued to farm.
• Freedmen signed a work contract with their former
  masters .
• Picked cotton or whatever crop the landowner had.
  
• Freedmen did not receive 40 acres and a mule

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SHARECROPPING

• Sharecropping is primarily used in farming
• Landowner provided land, tools, animals, house
  and charge account at the local store to purchase
  necessities
• Freedmen provided the labor.
• Sharecropping is based on the credit system.

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Sharecroppers
SHARECROPPING

• Advantages
• Part of a business venture
• Raised their social status
• Received 1/3 to 1/2 of crop when harvested
• Raised their self esteem

• Disadvantages
• Blacks stay in South
• Some landowners refused to honor the contract
• Blacks poor and in debt
• Economic slavery

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A VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEBT
1. Poor whites and freedmen have no jobs, no
homes, and no money to buy land.
6. Sharecropper cannot leave the farm as long as
he is in debt to the landlord.
2. Landowners need laborers and have no money to
pay laborers.
ECONOMIC SLAVERY

• 3. Hire poor whites and freedmen as laborers
• Sign contracts to work landlords land in
  exchange for a part of the crop.

• 5. At harvest time, the sharecropper is paid.
• Pays off debts.
• If sharecropper owes more to the landlord or
  store than his share of the crop is worth

4. Landlord keeps track of the money that
sharecroppers owe him for housing, food or local
store.
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Sharecroppers
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• 1876 Election
• Tilden did not receive enough electoral votes.
• Special Commission gives votes to Hayes.
• Hayes wins the election
• Democrats refuse to recognize Hayes as President

Disputed Electoral votes
164
369 total electoral votes, need 185 to win.
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CORRUPT BARGAIN
vs
Rutherford B. Hayes Samuel Tilden

• The election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877
  are referred to as the Corrupt Bargain.
• The Democrats and Republicans work out a deal to
  recognize Hayes as President
• In return, President Hayes must end
  Reconstruction and pull the Union troops out of
  the South.
• Once this happens, there is no protection for the
  Freedmen and the South will regain their states
  and go back to the way it was.

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• Agreement between Democrats and Republicans
• Hayes pulls the troops out of the South.
• Southerners take over their state governments
  called REDEEMERS
• Successes Freedmen would be lost because
  Southerners would take over their state
  governments.
• Jim Crow laws kept Blacks from voting and
  becoming equal citizens.

Cartoon of Hayes end of Reconst
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social reality
SEGREGATION

• After Reconstruction, 1865 to 1876, there were
  several ways that Southern states kept Blacks
  from voting and segregated, or separating people
  by the color of their skin in public facilities.
• Jim Crow laws, laws at the local and state level
  which segregated whites from blacks and kept
  African Americans as 2nd class citizens and from
  voting.
• poll taxes
• literacy tests
• grandfather clause

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social reality
JIM CROW

• The systematic practice of discriminating against
  and segregating Black people, especially as
  practiced in the American South from the end of
  Reconstruction to the mid-20th century
• Derogatory name for a Black person, ultimately
  from the title of a 19th-century minstrel song.
• Goal Take away political and constitutional
  rights guaranteed by Constitution Voting and
  equality of all citizens under the law.

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JC laws
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Jim Crow Laws segregated Whites and Blacks in
public facilities became the law after
Reconstruction

• Used at the local, state levels and eventually
  the national to separate the races in

schools, parks, transportation, restaurants, etc.

• kept Blacks, minorities and poor whites from
  voting and as 2nd class citizen status

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Jim Crow Laws
Poll Taxes Before you could vote, you had to
pay taxes to vote. Most poor Blacks could not
pay the tax so they didnt vote. Literacy Test
You had to prove you could read and write before
you could vote. Once again, most poor Blacks
were not literate. Grandfather clause If your
grandfather voted in the 1864 election than you
could vote..Most Blacks did not vote in 1864, so
you couldnt vote.
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Reconstruction Ends

• There were five main factors that contributed to
  the end of Reconstruction.

• Corruption Reconstruction legislatures Grants
  administration symbolized corruption poor
  government.
• The economy Reconstruction legislatures taxed
  and spent heavily, putting the southern states
  deeper into debt.
• Violence As federal troops withdrew from the
  South, some white Democrats used violence and
  intimidation to prevent freedmen from voting.
  This tactic allowed white Southerners to regain
  control of the state governments.
• The Democrats return to power The pardoned
  ex-Confederates combined with other white
  Southerners to form a new bloc of Democratic
  voters known as the Solid South. They blocked
  Reconstruction policies.
• The Country The Civil War was over and many
  Americans wanted to return to what the country
  was doing before the war.

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Successes and Failures of Reconstruction
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Quote by Frederick Douglass 1
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Quote by Frederick Douglass 2
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SOCIAL REALITY
Which way would the scale tip?
Social equality vs. legal equality
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social reality
PLESSY VS. FERGUSON OF 1896

• Supreme Court decision which legalized
  segregation throughout the nation.
• Separate but Equal as long as public facilities
  were equal
• Problem Black facilities would never be equal
  to White facilities
• Our nation would be segregated until the 1960s.

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PHILOSOPHIES OF BLACK LEADERS
Booker T. Washington How do Black Americans
overcome segregation? Southern Perspective

• Former slave
• Wrote a book/Up From Slavery
• Before you are considered equal in society--must
  be self sufficient like most Americans
• Stressed vocational education for Black Americans
• Gradualism and economic self-sufficiency
• Founder of Tuskegee Institute

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PHILOSOPHIES OF BLACK LEADERS
W.E.B. Dubois How do Black Americans overcome
segregation? Northern Perspective

• Fought for immediate Black equality in society
• Talented 10 Demanded the top 10 of the
  talented Black population be placed into the
  power positions
• Gain equality by breaking into power structure
• Founder of NAACP
• National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People