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JFK

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JFK & the Cold War A MAN ON THE MOON By July 20, 1969, the U.S. would achieve its goal An excited nation watched as U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong took the first steps ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: JFK


1
JFK the Cold War
2
JFK and the Cold War
  • And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your
    country can do for you--ask what you can do for
    your country. My fellow citizens of the world
    ask not what America will do for you, but what
    together we can do for the freedom of man.
  • JFK Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961

3
The Election of 1960
  • TV Debate Impacts Voters
  • JFK
  • wealthy, handsome, charismatic
  • Only 43
  • Roman Catholic
  • Kennedy looked and spoke better than Nixon, but
    weak against Communism
  • Nixon more experienced
  • 8 years as Vice President
  • Former Governor
  • Huge Anti-Communist

4
TELEVISED DEBATE AFFECTS VOTE
  • On September 26, 1960, Kennedy and Nixon took
    part in the first televised debate between
    presidential candidates
  • Kennedy looked and spoke better than Nixon
  • Journalist Russell Baker said, That night, image
    replaced the printed word as the national
    language of politics

5
JFK CONFIDENT, AT EASE DURING DEBATES
  • Television had become so central to people's
    lives that many observers blamed Nixon's loss to
    John F. Kennedy on his poor appearance in the
    televised presidential debates
  • JFK looked cool, collected, presidential
  • Nixon, according to one observer, resembled a
    "sinister chipmunk"

6
Kennedy and Civil Rights
  • King arrested
  • Nixon took no public position
  • JFK telephoned Coretta to express sympathy
  • Bobby Kennedy (RFK) persuaded the judge who had
    sentenced King to release him on bail (helps JFK
    appeal to the African-American community)
  • JFK won by fewer than 119,000 votes

7
1960 Presidential Election
8
THE CAMELOT YEARS
  • During his term in office, JFK and his beautiful
    young wife, Jacqueline, invited many artists and
    celebrities to the White House
  • press portrayed the Kennedys as a young,
    attractive, energetic, and stylish couple with
    attention to arts and culture and an average
    every-day family
  • The press loved the Kennedy charm and JFK
    appeared frequently on T.V.
  • The Kennedys were considered American Royalty
    (hence Camelot reference)

9
THE KENNEDY MYSTIQUE
  • The first family fascinated the American public
  • For example, after learning that JFK could read
    1,600 words a minute, thousands enrolled in
    speed-reading courses
  • Jackie, too, captivated the nation with her eye
    for fashion and culture

10
THE BEST AND THE BRIGHTEST
  • JFK surrounded himself with what one journalist
    described as the best and the brightest
    available talent
  • Of all of his elite advisors who filled Kennedys
    inner circle, he relied most on his 35-year-old
    brother Robert, whom he appointed attorney general

RFK was Johns closest friend and advisor
11
The Best and the Brightest
  • McGeorge Bundy NSA
  • Robert McNamara Secretary of Defense
  • Dean Rusk Secretary of State
  • Robert Kennedy Attorney General
  • Had no previous law experience

12
A New Military Policy
  • Flexible response increased defense spending in
    order to boost conventional military forces
    nonnuclear forces such as troops, ships, and
    artillery and to create an elite branch of the
    army called the Special Forces, or Green Berets.
    He also tripled the overall nuclear capabilities
    of the U.S.
  • Goal allow the U.S. to fight limited wars
    around the world while maintaining a nuclear
    balance of power with the Soviets

13
Flexible Response
  • Challenged Eisenhowers idea of massive
    retaliation
  • Pushed for the use of conventional weaponry and
    military to combat Communism
  • U.S. couldnt rely on nuclear arsenal to protect
    itself

14
Alliance for Progress
  • JFKs pledge of support for Latin America
  • Considered a Marshall Plan for brown people
  • 20 billion to support internal improvements
  • Supported education and schools
  • Built hospitals and promote health care
  • Helped distribute land
  • Pros helped some
  • Cons much abuse and corruption

15
Crises over Cuba
  • The Cuban dilemma
  • Fidel Castro comes to power in 1959
  • Puts on mass public trials and executions
  • U.S. denounces Cuba and accepts thousands of
    Cuban refugees
  • Castro seizes U.S. businesses and Eisenhower cuts
    off imports of Cuban sugar
  • 1960 Cuba signs a trade treaty with the Soviet
    Union

16
The Bay of Pigs
  • In March 1960 Ike orders CIA to train Cuban
    exiles for an invasion of their homeland
  • JFK notified of plan 9 days into his presidency
  • JFK continues with the plan
  • The plan day before the invasion, planes would
    attempt to wipe out Castros air force, then
    exiles would land at the beach, and the Cuban
    people would rise up against Castro and overthrow
    him

17
Bay of Pigs (Cont.)
  • Plan failed JFK failed to provide the necessary
    resources to help the exiles and they were
    rounded up by Castros men
  • It turned out to be a disaster when in April,
    1961, 1,200 Cuban exiles met 25,000 Cuban troops
    backed by Soviet tanks and were soundly defeated

We looked like fools to our friends, rascals to
our enemies and incompetents to the rest Quote
from U.S. Commentator
18
Operation Mongoose
  • JFK goes ahead with a plan called Operation
    Mongoose in which govt agents worked to disrupt
    the islands trade and continued working with
    mobsters to assassinate Castro
  • Castro survives more than 600 assassination
    attempts created by the CIA
  • Examples Exploding cigar, poisoned wetsuit,
    poisoned milkshake, exploding conch shell, etc.

19
The Cuban Missile Crisis
  • In an attempt to counter any new American
    intervention and to improve the Soviet position
    in the nuclear arms race, Castro and Kruschchev
    devised a daring plan installation of Soviet
    missiles and nuclear bombers in Cuba

20
Cuban Missile Crisis
  • Oct. 14, 1962 U-2 flights showed 65 sites for
    offensive medium-range ballistic missiles could
    reach the U.S. in 3 minutes
  • When surveillance photos revealed nukes ready to
    launch in Cuba, JFK said the U.S. would respond
    to any attack from Cuba with an all-out nuclear
    retaliation against the Soviets
  • JFK ordered a naval quarantine of the island
    (used the word quarantine rather than
    blockade since blockade was an act of war)
  • Oct. 22 went on national television informing
    the Soviets of American policy and demanded their
    retreat
  • American forces around the globe went on alert
  • The world was on the brink of nuclear war

21
Nuclear Chicken
  • JFK pushes for naval blockade
  • Goal
  • Seize any ships going into/out of Cuba
  • Force the immediate removal of missiles
  • The Problem
  • A direct attack on Soviets would be an act of war
  • The existence of the missiles were an act of war

22
13 DAYS
  • For 13 days in October, 1962 the world stood
    still as the threat of nuclear war gripped the
    planet
  • War seemed imminent
  • The first break in the crisis occurred when the
    Soviets ships turned back from the blockade

23
Cuban Missile Crisis (Cont.)
  • Eventually, the Presidents had worked out a
    secret agreement
  • Khrushchev said that he would remove the missiles
    if the U.S. agreed not to attack Cuba and removed
    its missiles from Turkey
  • Kennedy publicly agreed to the 1st and privately
    to the second
  • Was this necessary? Should Kennedy have gone on
    T.V. or negotiated privately?

24
The Fallout
Were eyeball to eyeball, and I think the other
fellow just blinked. Dean Rusk, Secretary of
State
  • Russia blinks!
  • Russia removes missiles from Cuba
  • U.S. removes missiles from Turkey
  • Quarantine ends, but embargo begins
  • The Problems
  • Khrushchev forced from office
  • Kremlin begins nuclear expansion
  • U.S. and Russia agree to test ban treaty
  • Establish direct communication link the red
    phone

25
CRISIS OVER BERLIN
  • In 1961, Berlin, Germany was a city in great
    turmoil
  • In the 11 years since the Berlin Airlift, almost
    3 million East Germans (Soviet side) had fled
    into West Berlin (U.S. controlled) to flee
    communist rule

26
SOVIETS SEEK TO STOP EXODUS
  • The Soviets did not like the fact that East
    Berliners were fleeing their city for the
    democratic west
  • Their departure hurt the economy and the prestige
    of the USSR
  • Just after midnight on August 13, 1961 the
    Soviets began construction of a 90-mile wall
    separating East and West Berlin

East Germany begins construction on the Berlin
Wall, which becomes a primary symbol of the Cold
War and Soviet oppression
27
Trying to Ease Tensions
  • Both Khrushchev and Kennedy began searching for
    ways to ease the enormous tension between the two
    superpowers
  • Two Agreements
  • 1. Direct hotline between the White House and
    the Kremlin
  • 2. Signing of the Limited Test Ban Treaty
    called for an end to all nuclear tests in the
    ocean, the atmosphere and outer space by the
    end of the year, 113 other nations had signed the
    treaty

28
The New Frontier
  • Bold, new domestic programs
  • Education
  • Welfare
  • Health Care
  • Elderly Assistance
  • Inner-Cities
  • Continue FDRs social action

29
New Frontier Goals
  • Provide medical care for elderly
  • Rebuild urban areas
  • Education (focusing on Math Science)
  • Bolster national defense
  • Increase international aid
  • Expand space program

30
JFKs Problems
  • Small Democratic majority in Congress
  • Barely won the presidency
  • Congress didnt support policies
  • Christian Southern Conservative Democrats didnt
    like him
  • Republicans werent supportive either
  • Battled high inflation
  • Contending in conflicts in Cuba, Berlin, and
    Vietnam
  • Most legislation would NOT pass

31
The Peace Corps
  • JFKs call for American international
    volunteerism
  • The Peace Corps is a volunteer program to assist
    developing nations in Asia, Africa and Latin
    America
  • The commitment
  • Spend 2 years in developing nations
  • Specialize in education, agriculture, irrigation,
    sewage treatment, or health care
  • Promote democracy and American influence
  • Remains one of the most lasting legacys of JFKs
    presidency

32
RACE TO THE MOON
  • On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin
    became the first human in space
  • Meanwhile, Americas space agency (NASA) began
    construction on new launch facilities in Cape
    Canaveral, Florida and a mission control center
    in Houston, Texas

33
The Space Race
  • JFKs promise to be the first to the moon
  • 1962 NASA sends John Glenn, first American in
    space
  • Used Saturn V rocket to propel out of Earths
    orbit
  • 1969 Saturn V rocket launches Apollo 11
  • First successful moon landing
  • Neal Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins

34
A MAN ON THE MOON
Armstrong
  • By July 20, 1969, the U.S. would achieve its goal
  • An excited nation watched as U.S. astronaut Neil
    Armstrong took the first steps on the moon
  • Space and defense-related industries sprang up in
    Southern and Western states
  • Kennedys vision succeeded

One small step for man, one giant leap for
mankind
35
KENNEDY ADDRESSES INNER CITY BLIGHT AND RACISM
  • In 1963, Kennedy called for a national assault
    on the causes of poverty
  • He also ordered his brother, Attorney General
    Robert Kennedy to investigate racial injustice in
    the South
  • Finally, he presented Congress with a sweeping
    civil rights bill and a sweeping tax cut bill to
    spur the economy

36
The Arrival in Dallas
  • JFK, LBJ, and families arrive in Dallas for a
    political rally
  • The families separate for an escorted drive in
    downtown Dallas
  • Shots fired JFK shot in the head and the throat
  • Eyewitnesses argue about the number and locations
    of shots

37
JFK SHOT TO DEATH
  • As the motorcade approached the Texas Book
    Depository, shots rang out
  • JFK was shot in the neck and then the head
  • His car was rushed to a nearby hospital where
    doctors frantically tried to revive him
  • President Kennedy was dead (11/22/63)

38
Assassinated
  • Assassinated November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas,
    in an event that shook the nations confidence
    and began a period of internal strife and
    divisiveness, especially spurred by divisions
    over US involvement in Vietnam.

39
The Plot Thickens
  • The Birth of a Conspiracy
  • Lee Harvey Oswald had connections with Russia and
    supported the revolution in Cuba
  • Arrested 80 minutes after the assassination
  • Evidence found at the Book Repository, where he
    shot Kennedy
  • Oswald shot by Jack Ruby, 2 days later

40
The Big Questions
  • Why did Lee Harvey Oswald kill Kennedy?
  • Why did Jack Ruby kill Oswald?
  • Was this part of a larger conspiracy?

41
Sunday, 24 November, 1963 On Sunday morning,
while millions watched on TV, Oswald was murdered
in the basement of a Dallas jail by Jack Ruby,
the owner of a Dallas strip-tease joint called
the Carousel . Rumors spread rapidly, and a
shocked nation demanded answers.
Jack Ruby, right, shoots Oswald, center, to death
11/24/63
42
Three-year old John Kennedy Jr. salutes his
fathers coffin during the funeral
43
LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON BECOMES PRESIDENT
  • The Vice-President, Lyndon Baines Johnson, became
    President after JFK was assassinated
  • The nation mourned the death of the young
    president while Jackie Kennedy remained calm and
    poised

A somber LBJ takes the oath of office aboard Air
Force One with the Jackie next to him
44
The Warren Commission
  • Chief Justice Earl Warren starts federal
    investigation
  • Goal
  • Prevent speculation about conspiracy

45
24 September, 1964 After ten months of secret
hearings, Chief Justice Earl Warren presented the
Commissions report to President Johnson. The
Commission found that Oswald, acting alone, had
assassinated President Kennedy. Mainstream media
hailed it as the most massive, detailed and
convincing piece of detective work ever
undertaken, unmatched in the annals of fact
finding.
46
24 November, 1964
The US government releases 26 volumes of
testimony and exhibits which contained the
evidence on which the Warren Report was
purportedly based. The New York Times reported
that the 26 volumes overwhelmingly supported the
conclusions of the Warren Commissions Report
that the assassination was no conspiracy but the
work of one unhappy man, Lee Harvey Oswald.
47
WARREN COMMISSION FINDINGS
1. There were three shots fired and which struck
Kennedy.
2. The shots came from the sixth floor of the
Texas School Book

depository building.
3. One shot fired passed through Kennedy and
struck Governor


Connally.
4. The shots were fired by a lone gunman, Lee
Harvey Oswald.
5. The killing of Kennedy was due purely to a
lone-nut assassin.
48
The Legacy of the assassination
  • Devastated the country and shocked the world
  • Seemed to end the dream of innocence of the 1950s
  • Coincided with a broader wave of social change
    the Civil Rights Movement, the Feminist Movement,
    escalation in Vietnam, and the Free-Speech and
    Anti-War Movements
  • LBJ becomes president and will take a stronger
    position on Vietnam and Civil Rights
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