What Makes Us Civilized?

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What Makes Us Civilized?
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P.

• Political Organization

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P. E.

• Political Organization
• Economy

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P. E. R.

• Political Organization
• Economy
• Religion

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P. E. R. S.

• Political Organization
• Economy
• Religion
• Society/Social Classes

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P. E. R. S. I.

• Political Organization
• Economy
• Religion
• Society/Social Classes
• Innovations/Technology

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P. E. R. S. I. A.

• Political Organization
• Economy
• Religion
• Society/Social Classes
• Innovations/Technology
• Art/Architecture

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MesopotamiaLand Between Two Rivers
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Crossroads of Three Continents
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MesopotamiaThe Fertile Crescent

• Floods unpredictable
• No natural barriers for defense
• Few natural resources except reeds

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Sumerians3000 BCE
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Sumerian Political Organization

• Priests with religious and power
• Success of crops
• irrigation
• Warrior kings
• Defense
• Dynasties
• City-statesUr
• Laws
• Taxes
• Public Works
• Ziggurats
• Walled cities

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Royal Standard of Ur
What does this reveal about Mesopotamian culture?
Found in the royal cemetery. Depicts scenes of
war and peace
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Economy

• Agriculture
• Catastrophic floods
• Irrigation
• Canals
• Date Palms, grains such as barley and wheat
• Trade
• Tradedgrain, cloth, crafted tools
• Receivedstone, wood, metal

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Mesopotamian TradeFrom Egypt to India
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Sumerian Cylinder Seals

• Carved in reverse to leave a negative image.
• Used as receipts and to show ownership.

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Religion

• Polytheistic
• Goddesses
• Afterlife
• Pessimistic

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Society

• Social Hierarchy
• Kings, ruling family and Priests
• Merchants, scribes, lesser priests
• Peasant farmers
• Slaves
• Captured in war
• Sold self into slavery to pay off debts

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Sumerian Scribes
Over 500 charactersrequired years of schooling
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Innovations

• Cuneiform
• Canals, dams, irrigation
• Mud bricked walls
• Wheeled vehicles, sail, plow??
• Number system based on 60
• Arches, columns, ramps
• Ziggurat

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CuneiformWedge Shaped Writing on Clay Tablets
Earliest form of writing
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Deciphering Cuneiform
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Metallurgy Skills
What is the significance that gold could not be
found within 200 miles of Mesopotamia?
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Art and Architecture
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Ziggurats
Tallest building in the city-state Grim view of
afterlife
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• Babylonian
• Hammurabi
• Law Code

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Hammurabis Code
STELE
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Hammurabi the Judge
Eye for an eye Why are written laws important?
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The Ancient Egyptians
These expensive projects were part of the reason
for the decline. Climatic disasters also led to
decreased grain supply
Slaves were not used to build these but rather
peasants who did so instead of paying taxes,
public works projects, or serving in the military
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Satellite photo of Nile River
Deserts, jungles, seas, and cataracts provided
natural barriers Rich, fertile soil SourceLake
Victoria to the south Optimistic outlook
Reliance on floods
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Nile RiverLongest River in the World
Lower
Upper
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Egypt The Gift of the Nile

• Canals built to connect Red Sea and Nile River
• 95 of the Egyptian people live on 5 of the land

Annual flooding of the Nile
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The Fertile Nile Valley
What can you tell about the Egyptians from the
picture?
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Irrigation
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MenesUnifier of Upper and Lower Egypt
3000 BCE 1st Pharaoh
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Ancient Egyptian Housing
Middle Class Housing
Peasant Homes
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Daily Life
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Social Hierarchy
Women could own property and succeed to the throne
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Pharoahs
Thutmose III
Amenhotep Akenaton 1370 BCE
Queen Hatshepsut 1480 BCE
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Akenaton First Monotheist?
Said he wasto sun god Priests unhappy Why?
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Tutankhamen
Ramses Last Pharaoh
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Archaeologist Howard Carter 1922
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Priestly Class
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Scribe
First scribes were priests
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Papyrus Paper
Hieratic Scroll Piece
Used to make rope, mats, sandals, baskets
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Champollion and the Rosetta Stone

• 1799French troops
• Stone commemorates visit of Greek
  Ambassadorwritten in hieroglyphics, hieratic,
  and Greek

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Hieroglyphics24 letters plus 700 phonetics
Literacy needed in the bureaucracy to keep the
records
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Gods and Goddesses
Osiris God of underworld
Isis
Horus
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Book of the DeadA collection of hymns as a guide
to the afterlife.
Anubis weighs heart against feather
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The Final Judgment Osiris, Anubis, Horus
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Trade RoutesNile, Canals to Red Sea, Overland
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Innovations
Medical texts
Hieroglyphics
Math based on units of ten
Astronomy
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HittitesBeginning of Iron Ageorigin in present
day Turkey

• 1900 BCE-1193 BCE
• Spoke wheeled chariots
• Iron Weapons

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Early Civilizations of Ancient India
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The Harappan Civilization
3300 BCE - 2400 BCE
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Citadel of Mohenjo-Daro Grid layout
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Aerial View of Mohenjo-Daro
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Wide View, Mohenjo-Daro
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Main Street, Mohenjo-Daro
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pottery, Mohenjo-Daro
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Bison Seal, Mohenjo-Daro
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Necklace, Mohenjo-Daro
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Public Well, Harappa
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Unicorn Seal, Harappa
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Burial Pottery, Harappa
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Harappan Writing
Undecipherable to date.
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Chinas History
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Shang Dynasty1700-1027 BCE
Huang He River
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Oracle Bones
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Zhou1028-771 BCE
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Mandate of Heaven The Zhou justified taking over
from the Shang by saying that they had lost
divine approval to rule
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Zhou Dynasty1029-258 BCE

• Leaders/Traits
• Walled cities
• Trade routes between cities
• Mandate of Heaven
• Feudalism

• Philosophy
• Daoism
• Laozi
• 500s BCE
• Confucianism
• Mencius
• Analects
• Chaotic government
• 522 BCE