Module 10

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Module 10

• Operant Cognitive Approaches

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OPERANT CONDITIONING

• Operant conditioning
• Also called _________________________________
• Kind of learning in which an animal or human
  performs some behavior
• Following consequences (__________________________
  ________) increases or decreases the chance that
  an animal or human will again perform that same
  behavior

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OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONTD)

• Thorndikes law of effect
• behaviors followed by _____________ consequences
  are strengthened
• behaviors followed by _______________
  consequences are weakened
• Skinners operant conditioning
• Operant response can be modified by its
  consequences and is a meaningful, easily measured
  unit of ongoing behavior
• Focuses on how consequences (rewards or
  punishments) affect behaviors
• 1920s and 1930s discovery of two general
  principles
• Pavlovs classical conditioning
• Skinners operant conditioning

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OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONTD)
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OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONTD)

• Principles and procedures
• Skinner box
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ________________________________
• efficient way to study how an animals ongoing
  behaviors may be modified by changing the
  consequences of what happens after a bar press
• Three factors in operant conditioning of a rat
• __________________________________________________
  
• __________________________________________________
  
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________

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OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONTD)

• Shaping (molding behavior)
• Facing the bar
• _____________________________________________
• _____________________________________________
• _____________________________________________
• Touching the bar
• ______________________________________________
• ______________________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________________

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OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONTD)

• Shaping
• Pressing the bar
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________________
• __________________________________________________
  ______________________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________________

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OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONTD)

• Immediate reinforcement
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________________________________
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________________________________
• Superstitious behavior
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________

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OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONTD)

• Examples of operant conditioning
• Toilet training
• target behavior
• preparation
• reinforcers
• shaping
• Food refusal
• target behavior
• preparation
• reinforcers
• shaping

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OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONTD)

• Operant versus classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning
• goal _________________________________________
• voluntary response must perform voluntary
  response before getting a reward
• emitted response animals or humans are shaped to
  emit the desired responses

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OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONTD)

• Operant versus classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning
• contingent on behavior __________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____
• reinforcer must occur _______________the desired
  response
• consequences animals or humans learn that
  performing or emitting some behavior is followed
  by a consequence (reward or punishment)

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OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONTD)

• Operant versus classical conditioning
• Classical conditioning
• goal create a new response to a neutral stimulus
• involuntary response physiological reflexes
  (salivation, eye blink)
• elicited response unconditioned stimulus
  triggers or elicits an involuntary reflex
  response, salivation, which is called the
  unconditioned response

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OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONTD)

• Operant versus classical conditioning
• Classical conditioning
• conditioned response neutral stimulus becomes
  the conditioned stimulus if it occurs before the
  conditioned response
• expectancy animals and humans learn a
  predictable relationship between, or develop an
  expectancy about, the neutral and unconditioned
  stimuli
• classical conditioning leads to learning a
  predictable relationship between stimuli

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REINFORCERS

• Consequences
• __________________________________________________
  ___________________________________
• Reinforcement
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________________________________
• Punishment
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ____________________________________________

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REINFORCERS (CONTD)

• Reinforcement
• Positive reinforcement
• refers to the presentation of a stimulus that
  ____________ the probability a behavior will
  occur again
• Negative reinforcement
• refers to an _____________ whose
  __________________the likelihood that the
  preceding response will occur again

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REINFORCERS (CONTD)

• Reinforcers
• Primary reinforcers
• stimulus such as food, water, or sex innately
  satisfying and requires __________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __
• Secondary reinforcers
• stimulus that has acquired its reinforcing power
  through experience secondary reinforcers are
  learned, such as by being paired with primary
  reinforcers or other secondary reinforcers

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REINFORCERS (CONTD)

• Punishment
• Positive punishment
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________
• Negative punishment
• __________________________________________
• noncompliance refers to a child refusing to obey
  a command/request given by a parent or caregiver
• time-out removes reinforcing stimuli after an
  undesirable response
• removal decreases the chances that the undesired
  response will recur

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SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

• Skinners contributions
• Schedule of reinforcement
• refers to a program or rule that determines
  _______ and _______ the occurrence of a response
  will be followed by a reinforcer
• Continuous reinforcement
• ______________________ results in delivery of the
  reinforcer
• Partial reinforcement
• refers to a situation in which responding is
  reinforced only __________________________________
  ____________

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SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT (CONTD)

• Partial reinforcement schedules
• Fixed-ratio schedule
• a reinforcer occurs only after a
  ________________of responses are made by the
  subject
• Fixed-interval schedule
• a reinforcer occurs after the ___________that
  occurs after a __________________of time

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SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT (CONTD)

• Partial reinforcement schedules
• Variable-ratio schedule
• a reinforcer is delivered after an
  _______________of correct responses has occurred
• Variable-interval schedule
• reinforcer occurs after the ______________
  correct response after an ____________of ______
  has passed

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OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONTD)
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OTHER CONDITIONING CONCEPTS

• Generalization
• Animal or person emits the same response to
  similar stimuli
• Tendency for a stimulus similar to the original
  conditioned stimulus to elicit a response similar
  to the conditioned response
• Discrimination
• Occurs during classical conditioning when an
  organism learns to make a particular response to
  some stimuli but not to others
• Discrimination stimulus cue that a behavior will
  be reinforced

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OTHER CONDITIONING CONCEPTS (CONTD)

• Extinction and spontaneous recovery
• Extinction
• procedure in which a conditioned stimulus is
  repeatedly presented without the unconditioned
  stimulus
• the conditioned stimulus tends to no longer
  elicit the conditioned response
• Spontaneous recovery
• tendency for the conditioned response to reappear
  after being extinguished, even though there have
  been no further conditioning trials

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COGNITIVE LEARNING

• Cognitive learning attention and memory
• Says that learning can occur through
  _________________________and may not involve
  external rewards or require a person to perform
  any observable behaviors
• Three viewpoints
• Against B. F. Skinner (As far as Im concerned,
  cognitive science is the creationism (downfall)
  of psychology)
• In favor Edward Tolman
• explored hidden mental processes
• cognitive map mental representation in the brain
  of the layout of an environment and its features

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COGNITIVE LEARNING (CONTD)

• Three viewpoints
• Also in favor Albert Bandura
• focused on how humans learn through observing
  things
• Social cognitive learning
• Results from watching and modeling doesnt
  require the observer to perform any observable
  behavior or receive any observable reward

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COGNITIVE LEARNING (CONTD)

• Learning-performance distinction
• Learning may occur but may not always be measured
  by, or immediately evident in, performance
• Banduras social cognitive theory
• Emphasizes the importance of ________________,
  ________________, and ____________________in the
  development and learning of social skills,
  personal interactions, and many other behaviors

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COGNITIVE LEARNING (CONTD)

• Four processes
• Attention
• ____________________________________________
• Memory
• ____________________________________________
• Imitation
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ________________________________
• Motivation
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ___________

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COGNITIVE LEARNING (CONTD)

• Insight learning
• Insight
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________________

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BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

• Definition
• Biological factors
• innate tendencies or predispositions that may
  either facilitate or inhibit certain kinds of
  learning
• Imprinting
• inherited tendencies or responses that are
  displayed by newborn animals when they encounter
  certain stimuli in their environment
• Critical or sensitive period
• a relatively brief time during which learning is
  most likely to occur

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APPLICATIONS

• Behavior modification
• Treatment or therapy that changes or modifies
  undesirable behaviors by using principles of
  learning based on operant conditioning, classical
  conditioning, and social cognitive learning
• Autism
• marked by poor development in social
  relationships
• great difficulty developing language and
  communicating very few activities and interests
• long periods of time spent repeating the same
  behaviors and following rituals that interfere
  with more normal functioning

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APPLICATIONS

• Autism
• symptoms range from mild to severe
• usually appear when a child is 2 to 3 years old
• Biofeedback
• training procedure through which a person is made
  aware of his or her physiological responses, such
  as muscle activity, heart rate, blood pressure,
  or temperature
• after awareness of physiological responses, a
  person tries to control them to decrease
  psychosomatic problems

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APPLICATIONS