Abbreviations

1
Abbreviations

• M years thousand years
• 100M years 100,000 years
• MM years million years
• 5 MM years 5 million years
• B.P. (BP) before present (years ago)
• 200,000 BP 200,000 years ago

2
Archicebus achilles

• 55 MM years ago.
• Announced in 2013.
• Distinctive monkey like ankle bone. Opposable
  thumbs, finger nails and flat face.
• Consistent with Asian genesis theory.

3
Sahelanthropus Tchadensis

• Discovered at Toros-Menalla in N. Chad in 2001.
• Dated approximately 7MM years old.
• Forward position of foramen magnum suggest
  bipedal.
• Body fragments needed for confirmation.

4
Sahelanthropus Tchadensis
Video on Tchadensis and what it means to be a
Hominid
5
Orrorin Tugenensis

• These bone fragments were discovered in strata
  aged between 5.8 to 6.1 MM years.
• The femur, more human like suggest it had bipedal
  abilities.

6
http//www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/species.html
7
Archeological Sites
8
Ardipithecus ramidus Ardi
4.4 MM BP Chimpanzee sized agile tree dweller
and bidpedal on ground
9
4.2-1.5 MM B.P.

• Australopithecines in Africa
• 25 larger brain size than Chimpanzee
• Hands are free to make tools
• Hunters and gatherers

10
Lucy

• Australopithicus Afarensis
• About 40 of her remains were found.
• Enough for an artist to render this image.

11
Australopithecus Sediba

• Discovered in 2008 and recognized as new human
  like species.
• Dated 1.95-1.78 million years old.
• Possible oldest predecessor to us.

12
2.5-1.5 MM B.P.

• Homo Habilus
• Arguably earliest human ancestor.
• Possibly capable of speech
• Upright tool maker
• Brain size 500-800 mL or 30-40 larger than A.
  Africanus

13
1.8MM-0.3MM B.P.

• Homo Erectus (Europe) Homo Ergaster (Africa)
• Increased motor skills, imagination and reasoning
• Fire usage 1 MM yr. ago.
• Sophisticated hunting practices
• First use of hand ax
• Males 511 150 Lbs, females 25 smaller.

14
Archaic Homo Sapiens

• Large brain Hominids which emerged about 500 M
  years ago.
• Heidelbergensis is earliest species known to bury
  their dead.

Homo Heidelbergensis
15
Whether we evolved from one Homo species.

• A recent discovery suggests Homos Habilis,
  Rudolfensis and Erectus were one species.
• Most complete 1.8MM BP remains of five different
  individuals in one cave.
• Video

16
230,000-40,000 B.P.

• Neanderthals Denisovan are thought to have
  evolved from H. Heidelbergensis
• First hominid known to bury their dead care for
  sick injured.

Homo Neanderthalis
17
Neanderthals were different

• They had thicker and larger craniums and brow
  ridge than us with different cranium shape.
• They did not have a dominant chin like us.

18
Neanderthals

• Genome mapping of Neanderthals began 2005 at
  Max-Planck Institute in Frankfurt Germany.
• Genome evidence of interbreeding in non-African
  humans.
• 1-4 inherited genes
• Neanderthals
• A lot more on Neanderthals
• These genes may have strengthened our immune
  system

19
190,000 to Present

• Homo Sapien, our species.
• Oldest fossil records found in Ethiopia dating
  back 190,000 years.
• Entered Europe 45 M BP followed by Neanderthal
  extinction 40 M BP

Invasive species?
20
Chart Source
21
11,500 B.P.

• First evidence of modern civilization at Gobekli
  Tepe in Turkey.
• Neolithic hill-top sanctuary.
• Triggers ritual, feasting, resources

22
Dating Methods

• Absolute dating methods
• Relies on biological, radiometric or
  geological/electromagnetic methods.
• Such as dendrochronology, carbon-14 or
  archaeomagnetism.
• Relative dating methods
• Relies on dating through reference to other dated
  sites, stratigraphy and index fossils.
• Usually requires multiple dating methods.

23
Carbon-14 Dating

• hvneutron 14N 14C 1H upper
  atmosphere
• Carbon life forms are mostly 12C isotope.
• All living organisms possess a constant ratio of
  14C/12C until the organism dies then 14C
  becomes less.
• 14C 14N e transmutation
• 50 of 14C sample transmutates in 5730 years.
• Not practical for dating gt60M years or things
  which never lived, like a rock.

24
Potassium-Argon Dating

• 40K e 40Ar
• Called electron capture transmutation.
• Proton changes into a neutron.
• 50 transmutates in 1,280MM years.
• Practical for dating igneous rocks gt100M years
  old.

25
Science

• Explanation of natural phenomena through
  controlled, reproducible experimental fact.
• Hypothesis ? Experimentation ? Theory ? Natural
  Law
• Approved by panel of peers and published in a
  public journal.

26
The Scientific Method
A Theory attempts to explain why it happens
A Law summarizes what happens
27
Technology

• Applied scientific principles or natural
  resources to improve human life.
• Computers, telecommunications, TV, atomic energy,
  etc.

28
Brian Arthur Why Things Become Complex

• Subsystems are added
• To overcome limitations, handle exceptional
  circumstances or adapt to more complex world.
• True for machines, bureaucracies, living
  organisms and life itself.

29
Brian Arthur cont.

• Subsystems beget more subsytems
• These added subsystems need additional subsystems
  to monitor and control them.
• Once over encumbered with subsystems further
  innovation leads to renewed simplicity

30
Science, Math Reading

• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
  Development (OECD)
• Presently 36 countries
• The USA teens ranks below average in all
  categories according to 2012 assessment by PISA
  according to Natl Center for Education
  Statistics.
• Link to PISA results

31
James Burkes Connections

• Nuclear power
• Telecommunications
• The Computer
• The Assembly line
• Air Transportation
• Plastics
• Liquid Fuel Rockets
• Television

32
Securing the US Electrical Grid

• Our electrical power grid is vulnerable to the
  following threats
• Cyber attacks
• Physical attacks
• Radiation bursts
• Severe weather

Link to pdf
33
Scientific Laws

• Conservation of mass - matter can neither be
  created nor destroyed, in chemical reactions.
• Conservation of energy - energy can neither be
  created nor destroyed, in chemical reactions.

34
Can You Answer These?

• Which hominid first had the ability to make fire.
  How many years ago?
• Was there time overlaps in bipedal hominids?
• What is our relationship with Archaic Homo
  Sapiens?
• What is the difference between science and
  technology?
• What are the threats to the US electrical grid

• H. Erectus about 1MM year ago. Slide 13
• Yes, 20
• Interbreeding and shared genes for immunity. 17
• Science is what is demonstrably true about the
  world around us. 23-24
• Cyber, physical, radiation pulse and severe
  weather 32

35
Can You Answer These?

• According to Brian Arthur, what are subsystems?
• What is radiochemical dating. Which of these
  dating methods would be used to determine the age
  of old woven materials.
• If 100 Lbs. of dynamite explodes how much will
  the products of this explosion weigh?
• According PISA how do US teens rank in STEM

• Added to overcome limitations. 28
• Aging artifacts via transmutation of unstable
  nuclear isotopes. Carbon -14. 22-23
• The conservation of mass says it must also be 100
  Lbs. 33 36
• Bottom half. 30

36
Conservation of Mass

• 2 C8H18 25 O2 16 CO2 18 H2O
• 5.9 Lbs 20.5 Lbs 18.1 Lbs 8.3 Lbs
• 26.4 Lbs (gas/O2) 26.4 Lbs CO2 water

Gasoline Oxygen (from air)
Carbon dioxide water
1 gallon
37
Appendix

• The following slide(s) have been removed from
  previous presentations due to more recent
  discovery.

38
Did We Evolve From Lemurs?

• Nicknamed Ida a missing link in human
  evolution?
• She lived about 47 MM years ago.
• Opposable thumbs and finger nails.
• http//www.revealingthelink.com/who-is-ida/