Title: Internal%20energy:%20total%20amount%20of%20the%20energy%20of%20the%20particles%20that%20compose%20matter
1- Internal energy total amount of the energy of
the particles that compose matter
2What is the difference between heat, temperature
and thermal energy?
- Temperature the measure of the average kinetic
energy of the vibrating particles that compose an
object - Heat the quantity of thermal energy transferred
from a hotter to a colder object - Internal Energy the total amount of internal
energy possessed by the particles that compose
matter
3- When matter gets warmer, the atoms or molecules
in the matter move faster.
4- All mattersolid, liquid, and gasis composed of
continually jiggling atoms or molecules, which
have KE.
521.1 Temperature
- The higher the temperature of a substance, the
faster the motion of its molecules. - This is also referred to as the Kinetic Theory
- all matter is made of atoms and molecules that
are moving. - The higher the temperature, the faster the
particles move. - Given the same temperature, heavier particles
move slower than lighter particles.
621.1 Temperature
- Measure temperature by showing expansion and
contraction of a liquid in a glass tube. - Three Scales (, Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin)
- Fahrenheit (32-212 F)
- Celsius (0-100 C)
- Kelvin is a universal scale with no upper limit.
(0 K or absolute zero to )
721.1 Temperature
This thermometer measures temperature on both
Fahrenheit and Celsius scales.
Puzzler K C 273 Which is hotter, 500 K or
500 C? 500 C, because 500 C is 773 K
273 K
821.1 Temperature
- Which has more thermal energy, a cup of boiling
water or Lake Michigan in winter?
Lake Michigan! The water molecules are moving
faster in the boiling cup of water, but there are
vastly more water molecules in Lake Michigan.
Are the water molecules in an ice cube moving?
Yes. Motion of molecules stops at absolute zero.
921.1 Temperature
What is the relationship between the temperature
of a substance and the speed of its molecules?
The higher the temperature of a substance, the
faster is the motion of its molecules and the
greater their average KE.
10Physics and Particles
- Particle is a general term used to describe
molecules, atoms and sub-atomic particles
11Starter Questions
- 1. How does a thermometer work
12Matter is changing state
solid
Increasing Avg. KE Increasing Temp.
Particle speed is increasing
melting
freezing
liquid
evaporation
condensation
gas
1321.1 Temperature
- Temperature and Kinetic Energy
Temperature is related to the average kinetic
energy of the atoms and molecules in a
substance. The faster the molecules move, the
______________ the temperature and the
_____________ the average kinetic energy and the
__________ the particle speed.
greater
greater
greater
1421.2 Heat
- Heat is the quantity of thermal energy
transferred from a hotter to a colder substance. - Heat always flows from a substance with a higher
temperature to a substance with a lower
temperature. - Heat flows only when there is a difference in
temperature. - Heat units are calories or joules.
15hotter
21.2 Heat
Entropy! Flow from higher to lower energy state.
Just as water will not flow uphill by itself,
regardless of the relative amounts of water in
the reservoirs, heat will not flow from a cooler
substance into a hotter substance by itself.
colder
1621.2 Heat
What causes heat to flow?
A difference in temperature between objects in
thermal contact.
1721.4 Internal Energy
- When a substance takes in or gives off heat, its
internal energy changes.
1821.3 Thermal Equilibrium
What happens when a warmer substance comes in
contact with a cooler substance?
- Heat flows between two objects of different
temperature until they have the same temperature.
(2nd law of thermodyamics) - The loss of thermal energy from the warmer object
equals the gain of thermal energy for the cooler
object
1921.8 Thermal Expansion
- Most forms of mattersolids, liquids, and
gasesexpand when they are heated and contract
when they are cooled.
2021.8 Thermal Expansion
- When the temperature of a substance is increased,
its molecules jiggle faster and normally tend to
move farther apart. - This results in an expansion of the substance.
- Gases generally expand or contract much more than
liquids. - Liquids generally expand or contract more than
solids.
21Starter Question 2How does a thermometer work?
- The kinetic theory be used to explain expansion
and contraction of materials when the temperature
of the material changes. - As the temperature rises, heat is transferred
from the surroundings to the liquid inside the
thermometer and the molecules that compose the
liquid vibrate faster. This causes the liquid to
expand and rise. - As the temperature falls, heat is transferred
away from the liquid inside to the surroundings
and the molecules that compose this liquid slow
down. This causes the liquid to contract.
22- The liquid in the thermometer stops rising or
falling when thermal equilibrium is reached (no
more heat flow!)
Air temperature Liquid temperature
2321.6 Specific Heat Capacity
- Do copper, clay and water have the same chemical
composition? - No. Copper is composed of Cu atoms and water is
composed of H2O molecules. Clay is a complex
silicate. - The difference in chemical composition influences
how copper, clay and water respond when heat is
transferred.
2421.6 Specific Heat Capacity
The specific heat capacity of a substance is the
quantity of heat required to raise 1 g of a
substance by 1 degree Celsius.
2521.6 Specific Heat Capacity
A substance with a high specific heat capacity
can absorb a large quantity of heat before it
will raise in temperature (water has a high
specific heat). A substance with a low specific
heat requires relatively little heat to raise its
temperature (copper has a low specific heat).
2621.6 Specific Heat Capacity
highest
lowest
2721.6 Specific Heat Capacity
- think!
- Which has a higher specific heat capacitywater
or sand? Explain.
2821.6 Specific Heat Capacity
- think!
- Which has a higher specific heat capacitywater
or sand? Explain. - Answer
- Water has a greater heat capacity than sand.
Water is much slower to warm in the hot sun and
slower to cool at night. Sands low heat
capacity, shown by how quickly it warms in the
morning and how quickly it cools at night,
affects local climates.
Good conductors have a low specific heat capacity!
2921.6 Specific Heat Capacity
A gram of water requires 1 calorie of energy to
raise the temperature 1C. It takes only about
one eighth as much energy to raise the
temperature of a gram of iron by the same amount.
The capacity of a substance to store heat depends
on its chemical composition.
3021.6 Specific Heat Capacity
31- 6. What is the difference between a substance
with a high specific heat and a low specific heat
capacity?
32- Substances with a low specific heat (e.g.,
metals) need very little heat to raise
temperature - Good conductors, not good absorbers, do not hold
onto heat well - Substances with a high specific heat need a large
quantity of heat to raise temperature. - Poor conductors, good absorbers, store and hold
onto heat well
33- 7. How does the specific heat of water help to
moderate climate?
34Friday
- Heat Flow ExamplesHome Heating and Cooling
- a) Summer time flow
- b) Winter time flow
- Water and Specific Heat
- a) Sea Breezes
- b) Moderating effect of water (Edmonton vs. Cork)
- Reason for the seasons
- Tilt of Earths Rotational Axis (23.5o)
- Insolation Angle (same radiation, different area)
- c) Absorption vs. Reflection
35Winter Vs. Summer Heat Flow
- In winter
- -Heat loss from inside (warmer) to outside
(colder) - -Heating system must operate to transfer thermal
energy from fuel to fluid to room to keep house
warm
- In summer
- -Heat gain from outside (warmer) to inside
(cooler) - - Cooling system must operate to transfer
incoming heat entering the house back to the
outside
36Why do we need heating systems?
- What do the green arrows represent?
- How does this heat flow affect the temperature of
the air inside the home? - Where does the energy come from that increases
the temperature of the air inside the home?
37Explain why the heat flow for a home is different
in the winter vs. the summer.
3822.2 Convection
- Convection currents are produced by uneven
heating. - During the day, the land is warmer than the air,
and a sea breeze results.
3922.2 Convection
- Convection currents are produced by uneven
heating. - During the day, the land is warmer than the air,
and a sea breeze results. - At night, the land is cooler than the water, so
the air flows in the other direction.
40Generation of Sea Breezes
Day
Convection
Air above the sea remains cooler and moves on
land to replace the land air that rose
Air above the land heats more rapidly and rises
Sea breeze
- Land
- low specific heat
- heat and cools rapidly
- less resistant to temperature change
- Sea
- high specific heat
- heats and cools slowly
- more resistant to temperature change
41Generation of Sea Breezes
Night
Air above the ground is cooler than the air
above the water and moves over the sea to replace
the sea air that rose
Air above the water is warmer than the air above
the land and rises
Land Breeze
- Land
- low specific heat
- heat and cools rapidly
- less resistant to temperature change
- Sea
- high specific heat
- heats and cools slowly
- more resistant to temperature change
42Generation of Sea Breezes
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4421.7 The High Specific Heat Capacity of Water
- The property of water to resist changes in
temperature improves the climate in many places.
4521.7 The High Specific Heat Capacity of Water
Water has a high specific heat and is
transparent, so it takes more energy to heat up
than land does.
46Moderating Effect of Water
- During the summer, surrounding air is cooled by
the water and keeps the coast cooler than the
intercontinental locations. - During the winter, the surrounding air is warmed
by the water and keeps the coast warmer than the
intercontinental locations.
4721.7 The High Specific Heat Capacity of Water
Waters capacity to store heat affects the global
climate. Water stores and hold heat well because
of its high specific heat.
Gulf Stream brings warm water northeast from the
Caribbean.
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49Thermal Front
- The Gulf Stream (warm water from equator)
- meets
- The Labrador Current (cold water from polar
region)
Labrador Current
Gulf Stream
5021.7 The High Specific Heat Capacity of Water
Look at a world globe and notice the high
latitude of Europe. Both Europe and Canada get
about the same amount of the suns energy per
square kilometer.
51Marine Climate
Continental Climate
Cork
Edmonton
Same insolation angle, different climate due to
proximity to water and the warming effect from
the Gulf Stream
http//www.sampleireland.com/weather-in-ireland-ye
ar-round.html
52The Gulf Stream brings warm winters to Ireland
and the prevailing winds off the Atlantic carry
with them rain. It means grass can grow almost
all year round creating the lush sweeping
pastures of the Emerald Isle. Today they make up
93 percent of all farmland. No other country in
Europe has quite as much grass as Ireland.
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5421.7 The High Specific Heat Capacity of Water
- On the west coast, air moves from the Pacific
Ocean to the land. - In winter, the water warms the air that moves
over it and warms the western coastal regions of
North America. - In summer, the water cools the air and the
western coastal regions are cooled.
The central interior of a large continent usually
experiences extremes of temperature. Land, with
a lower specific heat capacity, gets hot in
summer but cools rapidly in winter.
55Reason for the Seasons
2
Changing Angle of Sunlight
- The hemisphere tilted toward the Sun receives
sunlight at higher angles than the hemisphere
tilted away from the Sun. - Higher insolation angle means greater intensity
of radiant energy (the sun shines more directly
on a smaller area).
Summer in Northern Hemisphere
56Identify the Seasons and the Equinox or Solstice,
and comment about the number of daylight vs.
night hours
Season _________ Equinox or Solstice
_________
Season _________ Equinox or Solstice
Season _________ Equinox or Solstice
Season ________ Equinox or Solstice
57Identify the Seasons and the Equinox or Solstice
Equal day and night12hr and 12 hr
Season _________ Equinox or Solstice
spring
Less daylight hours, more night hours
Less night hours, more daylight hours
winter
Season _________ Equinox or Solstice
summer
Season _________ Equinox or Solstice
fall
Season _________ Equinox or Solstice
58- Heat can be transferred by conduction, by
convection, and by radiation.
http//www.nd.edu/ysun/Yang/PhysicsAnimation/coll
ection/transportP.swf
5922.1 Conduction
- In conduction, collisions between particles
transfer thermal energy, without any overall
transfer of matter.
6022.1 Conduction
Heat from the flame causes atoms and free
electrons in the end of the metal to move faster
and jostle against others. The energy of
vibrating atoms increases along the length of the
rod.
6122.2 Convection
- In convection, heat is transferred by movement of
the hotter substance from one place to another.
6222.2 Convection
- Convection occurs in all fluids.
- Convection currents transfer heat in air.
Hot, less dense fluid rises in the presence of
cooler, more dense fluid.
6322.2 Convection
- Convection occurs in all fluids.
- Convection currents transfer heat in air.
- Convection currents transfer heat in liquid.
When fluid particles at the bottom of the pan
begin to vibrate faster, they expand and decrease
in density, making the hotter fluid more buoyant.
6422.3 Radiation
- In radiation, heat is transmitted in the form of
radiant energy, or electromagnetic waves.
6522.3 Radiation
Most of the heat from a fireplace goes up the
chimney by convection. The heat that warms us
comes to us by radiation.
66Heat Transfer 1
- Which heat transfer occurs from particle to
particle during direct contact of substances?
- a) Conduction
- b) Convection
- c) Radiation
- Conduction and Convection
- Conduction, convection and radiation
67Heat Transfer 1
- Which heat transfer occurs from particle to
particle during direct contact of substances?
- a) Conduction
- b) Convection
- c) Radiation
- Conduction and Convection
- Conduction, convection and radiation
68Heat Transfer 2
- Which heat transfer can occur through a vacuum or
through matter?
- a) Conduction
- b) Convection
- c) Radiation
- Conduction and Convection
- Conduction, convection and radiation
69Heat Transfer 2
- Which heat transfer can occur through a vacuum or
through matter?
- a) Conduction
- b) Convection
- c) Radiation
- Conduction and Convection
- Conduction, convection and radiation
70Heat Transfer 3
- Which heat transfer is based on density
differences in a substance and gravity?
- a) Conduction
- b) Convection
- c) Radiation
- Conduction and Convection
- Conduction, convection and radiation
71Heat Transfer 3
- Which heat transfer is based on density
differences in a substance and gravity?
- a) Conduction
- b) Convection
- c) Radiation
- Conduction and Convection
- Conduction, convection and radiation
72Heat Transfer 4
- Which heat transfer occurs through the movement
of the heated substance?
- a) Conduction
- b) Convection
- c) Radiation
- Conduction and Convection
- Conduction, convection and radiation
73Heat Transfer 4
- Which heat transfer occurs through the movement
of the heated substance?
- a) Conduction
- b) Convection
- c) Radiation
- Conduction and Convection
- Conduction, convection and radiation
74Heat Transfer 5
- Which heat transfer is characterized by
transmission by electromagnetic waves?
- a) Conduction
- b) Convection
- c) Radiation
- Conduction and Convection
- Conduction, convection and radiation
75Heat Transfer 5
- Which heat transfer is characterized by
transmission by electromagnetic waves?
- a) Conduction
- b) Convection
- c) Radiation
- Conduction and Convection
- Conduction, convection and radiation
76Heat Transfer 6
- Which heat transfer processes can only occur
through matter?
- a) Conduction
- b) Convection
- c) Radiation
- Conduction and Convection
- Conduction, convection and radiation
77Heat Transfer 6
- Which heat transfer processes can only occur
through matter?
- a) Conduction
- b) Convection
- c) Radiation
- Conduction and Convection
- Conduction, convection and radiation
78- Radiation is caused by moving electrons or
charged particles in matter. The faster the
particles move, the higher the frequency of the
electromagnetic radiation.
7922.3 Radiation
- Radio waves send signals through the air.
8022.3 Radiation
- Radio waves send signals through the air.
- You feel infrared waves as heat.
8122.3 Radiation
- Radio waves send signals through the air.
- You feel infrared waves as heat.
- A visible form of radiant energy is light waves.
82- 11. What happens to the frequency of radiant
energy as the temperature of the substance
increases or decreases?
83- The frequency of radiant energy increases as the
temperature of the substance increases.
84http//mail.jsd.k12.ca.us/bf/bflibrary/images/elec
tromagnetic-spectrum.jpg