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ETICS AND EMICS OF CHILD-REARING

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Title: ETICS AND EMICS OF CHILD-REARING


1
ETICS AND EMICS OF CHILD-REARING
2
LECTURE OUTLINE
  • Introduction Etics and Emics of Child-rearing
  • Etics Parental-Acceptance-Rejection Theory
    (Rohner)
  • PAR model
  • How PAR is studied
  • Key issues
  • PAR and personality
  • PAR and coping
  • Consequences of PAR
  • Evaluation of PAR

3
Lecture Outline (cont)
  • Emics Amae
  • The anatomy of dependence (Doi)
  • Yamaguichis theorizing on amae
  • Conceptual elaboration and ecological
    validity
  • Amae and dependence
  • Amae and attachment

4
Lecture Outline (cont)
  • Emics Filial piety (Ho)
  • Characteristics
  • Measurement
  • Determinants
  • Filial attitudes and behaviours
  • Filial piety, child-rearing and psychological
    outcomes

5
Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory
6
Convergence of Methodologies
Case Study
Comparative Holocultural
7
Convergence of Methodologies
8
PAR ITEMSMy mother..
  • Pays no attention to me
  • Enjoys having me around
  • Sees me as a big nuisance
  • Hugs and kisses me when I am good
  • Yells at me when she is angry

9
Subtheories
  • Personality subtheory
  • What happens to children who perceive
    themselvees to be loved or unloved by their
    parents?
  • To what extent do these effects extend into
    adulthood and old age?
  • Coping subtheory
  • Why do some children and adults cope more
    effectively than others with the experiences of
    childhood rejection?
  • Sociocultural subtheory
  • Why are some parents warm, loving, and accepting
    and others cold, aggressive, neglecting, and
    recjeting?
  • how is the total fabric of a society, as well
    as the behaviour and beliefs or people within the
    society, affected by the fact that most parents
    in that societz tend to either accept or reject
    their children?

10
PAR and Personality
  • Emotional need for positive response is a
    powerful motivator in children
  • Parental rejection leads to hostility,
    aggression, impaired self esteem, emotional
    unresponsiveness and instability

11
PAR and Coping
12
Consequences of Parental Rejection
  • Depression
  • Behavioural problems
  • Substance abuse

13
PAR and Mental Health Outcomes
14
Evaluation of PAR
  • Almost 2000 empirical studies since the 1930s
  • Convergence of results across methods, cultures
    and over time
  • Approximately 25 of the variance in adolescent
    and adult adjustment accounted for by PAR

15
How to understand Japanese
The typical psychology of a given nation can
only be learned through familiarity with its
native language. The language
comprises everything which is intrinsic to the
soul of a nation, and, therefore, provides the
best projective test there is for each
nation. Doi
16
Clarifying Amae (Yamaguchi)
  • Amae the presumption of indulgence, which
    involves an acceptance of inappropriate behaviour
  • Elaboration of amae
  • Amae and dependence
  • Amae and attachment

17
Filial Piety
  • Guiding principle governing patterns of
    socialisation
  • Prescribes how children should behave towards
    parents
  • Justifies parental authority over children
  • Demands obedience, honour and respect

18
Filial Piety Measures
  • Moral dilemmas (e.g. Lee, 1974)
  • 1. Material benefits to parents
  • 2. Emotional and spiritual support for parents
  • 3. Care, love and obedience in parent-child
    relationships
  • 4. Mutual care and love in relationships
  • 5. Actualizing ethical ideals.
  • Psychometric scales
  • e.g. Filial Piety Scale by \Ho and Lee (1974)

19
Filial Piety Determinants
  • Education
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Socio-economic status
  • Nationality
  • Continuities and departures form tradition
  • To which extent are filial attitudes reflected in
    filial behaviour?

20
Filial Piety, Child-rearing and Psychological
Outcomes
  • Authoritarian moralism (Ho, 1993)
  • Cognitive conservatism (Greenwald, 1980)

21
Research evidence consistently points to negative
psychological consequences of filial piety from a
contemporary perspective on human development.
Ho (1996, p. 165)
22
Concluding Questions
  • What are the positive and negative consequences
    of filial piety?
  • Can Amae be studied across cultures?
  • Is PAR a convincing etic theory? Why?
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