The Cold War Around the World Chapter 19, Section 2

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The Cold War Around the WorldChapter 19, Section
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Setting the Scene

• 21 million Europeans are homeless
• 20 of Polands population is dead
• 1 in 5 French and Belgian homes are destroyed or
  damaged
• Livestock and farm equipment were destroyed

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In Europe

• Marshall Plan A plan to fund the economic
  recovery of Europe (Reconstruction) because the
  Commies were gaining footholds in many devastated
  areas.

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In Europe

• Berlin Airlift Stalin seals off West Berlin
  (which was inside the Soviet Zone) in 1948,
  hoping that the U.S. would abandon it. We fly in
  for over 15 months, until Stalin abandons the
  blockade.

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• 200k flights _at_ 13,000 tons of supplies per DAY!

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In Europe

• NATO is formed to act as a barrier against Soviet
  aggression
• Allows European democracies to stand together
  (collective security)
• The Commies respond with the Warsaw Pact

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In Asia

• China falls to Mao Zedong and his communist
  forces (they had been fighting since the 1920s).

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In Asia

• We initially help the Chinese government, but
  realize that the fall is inevitable, we withdraw
  aid
• Losing China is a BIG BLOW to the Truman
  administration

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Nuclear Weapons

• When we learn that the Soviets have the atomic
  bomb, Truman authorizes research on a
  thermonuclear bomb, which is many times more
  powerful than an atomic bomb.

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At home

• Remember Many Americans had joined communist or
  socialist organizations during the Depression.
• Loyalty Programs all federal employees were
  subject to investigations

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HUAC

• HUAC began to probe the U.S. (Especially
  Hollywood) for Communist influences.
• The Hollywood Ten group a writers, directors,
  actors, and producers who refused to testify
  before the HUAC. All were fined or jailed

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Blacklists

• People who were seen as un-American or disloyal
  were blacklisted, which meant that no studios
  would hire them.

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McCarran-Walter Act

• Re-instated immigration quotas from the 1920s.
  Senator McCarran believed most disloyal Americans
  were immigrants.
• This bill passed over Trumans veto.

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Spy Cases

• Algar Hiss was a former high ranking official who
  was put on trial for espionage

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Spy Cases

• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of
  giving atomic secrets to the Russians. Both were
  executed.

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• According to released Soviet documents, Julius
  Rosenberg and Algar Hiss were guilty, Ethel was
  probably not.

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• Loyalty Programs, Committee investigations,
  Blacklists and highly publicized spy cases
  convinced many Americans that the threat of spies
  was very real and lead to a climate of great
  suspicion in America. Many peoples civil rights
  were violated during this period.

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The Korean War

• At the end of WWII the Russians pushed Japan from
  Korea.

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• The Peninsula was divided at the 38th Parallel
  between Communist forces in the North and
  American forces in the South.

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• After a surprise North Korean invasion pushed
  U.S. and South Korean forces to the tip of Korea,
  the U.S. counters.

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• Macarthur pushes the PRK forces all the way to
  the Yalu River.
• The Chinese warn us not to approach their borders

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• China (and secretly, the Russians) enter the war.

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• MacArthur wanted to use nukes against the
  Chinese, which would have started WWIII
• He makes public statements criticizing Truman

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• Truman Fires MacArthur for insubordination.
• MacArthur returns home to a heros welcome.

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• The fighting eventually stalemates at the 38th
  Parallel.

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• Americans Frustrations Why did 33,000 American
  soldiers die for a stalemate?

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Results of the war

• Military application of the Truman Doctrine
• De-Segregation of the Army

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• Permanent increase in the military budget
• Creates a permanent military-industrial
  complex.
• Alliance of the military, industrial and
  scientific communities.
• The fear is that this complex will affect
  American Policy.