Icon%20Exchange

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Icon Exchange

• Discrimination Phases

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What is discrimination?

• Were not talking about race and gender, what we
  are referring to is being able to choose between
  a preferred item and a non preferred item.
• Which icon will get me something cool, and which
  one will get me something crappy?

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General Info

• Always have the correct icon for each item
• If you do not have the correct icon, ask for it
• Reinforce the response within ½ second
• Use a variety of tutors and items, both prefered
  and non-prefered
• Tutor should set up for next trial while child is
  engaging with the item
• Number of icons on bottom strip is phase specific

Remember kids There should never be more than 4
icons on the bottom strip for discrimination
phases
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Preferred Vs. Non-preferred

• A preferred item is an item the child
  consistently likes and eats/engages with for a 10
  15 second interval
• Eating goldfish
• Putting a puzzle together
• Flipping through a book
• A non-preferred item is an item the child
  consistently does not like, and will not engage
  in for the 10 15 second interval of time
• A spoon
• A shoe
• A piece of paper

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Non-preferred Vs. Neutral

• Again a non-preferred item is an item the child
  consistently does not like and rejects by either
  not taking it from you or pushing it away.
• Paper towel
• A sock
• A neutral item is an item that is non-preferred
  but used functionally
• Using a fork to eat
• Drinking from a cup
• Putting on a shoe
• If you find a neutral item for your child do not
  use it in the discrimination trials.

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Phases 3 and 3A

• In phases 3 and 3A of the icon exchange, we start
  teaching the child how to discriminate between a
  reinforcing preferred item and a non-preferred
  item
• Previously the child always got something good
  from exchanging the icon, now they have to look
  at the icons to make sure they are getting what
  they want

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Enticing vs. Prompting

• Enticing a child to want an item is different
  from prompting a child to ask for an item
• Examples of prompting with an item
• WOW look at this COOL car!
• OOO this is a YUMMY cheeto!
• Examples of enticing with an item
• Pretend to eat an edible without attending to the
  child
• Play with the car by yourself

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Enticing vs Prompting
Enticing
Prompting
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What does an incorrect trial look like?

• An incorrect trial happens when the child chooses
  a non-prefered icon and rejects it when it is
  presented to them.
• Examples of rejection include
• Not taking the item from you
• Throwing the item
• Pushing the item away
• Dropping the item
• If rejection of the item occurs, move into the 4
  Step Error Correction

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Tips for Emotional Responding

• In certain instances of rejection the child may
  respond emotionally or aggressively
• If the child cries or tantrums
• Do not give the child a different prefered item
  to calm them
• Work through the rest of the trial, giving
  prompts as needed
• After completing the trial do as many ELOs as
  necessary to get compliance and move on to the
  next trial
• If the child aggresses
• Block it and continue to work through the trial
• After completing the trial do as many ELOs as
  necessary to get compliance and move on to the
  next trial

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Phase 3

• Allow the child to play with the preferred item
  for 1015 seconds before the trial begins
• 1 preferred item and 1 non-preferred item is used
• Do preference assessments every few trials to
  find both preferred and non-preferred items
• OOO the new
• Reinforce the childs correct reaching response
• Make a reinforcing OOO sound as the child
  reaches for the correct icon during the trial
• For incorrect trials go straight into the 4 Step
  Error Correction

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Phase 3A

• Again allow the child to play with the reinforcer
  for 10-15 seconds or allow them to eat the edible
• 2 preferred icons and 1 non-preferred icon
• Pay attention to amount of icons used
• Remember number of icons on bottom strip is phase
  specific
• Do preference assessments every few trials
• No longer OOO the new
• For incorrect responses go directly into the 4
  Step Error Correction

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The 4 Step Error Correction

• Step 1 Model
• Step 2 Practice
• Step 3 Distract
• Step 4 Repeat

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Step 1 Model

• Gesturaly prompt to the correct icon
• If gestural prompt is not effective, move to
  partial physical prompt and full physical prompt
  if necessary
• That is all step one requires move on to step 2

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Step 2 Practice

• Let the child give you the icon you prompted
  towards
• Label item but do not give it to the child, this
  is just for practice
• Move on to step 3

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Step 3 Distract

• Flip the book over and do an ELO
• Clap hands
• Tap table
• Touch nose
• Move on to step 4

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Step 4 Repeat

• Flip book back over
• Wait for the child to make an independent
  response.
• Entice if necessary
• If child makes incorrect response, repeat the 4
  Step Error Correction

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What problems could occur?

• Childrens preferences may change often
• If the child changes reinforcers often, make sure
  you do frequent preference assessments to ensure
  that you have what the child will be motivated
  enough to ask for
• Finding a non-prefered item can sometimes be
  difficult
• If you are having trouble finding a non-prefered
  item, keep doing a preference assessment until
  you find one, or ask a supervisor for help

No Motivation
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Tips

• Switch icon positions only after a correct trial
  on the initial trial
• DO NOT switch icons after a correct response on
  the repeat step of the 4 Step Error Correction
• After 3 incorrect trials, which include the 4
  Step Error Correction, stop the procedure
• Continuing the procedure then punishes responding

Get a supervisor to code the data sheet, end that
PECS session and move on using the reinforcer
the child tried to grab for another procedure
Your supervisor should use the Implementation
Problem code (IP) or the Off Task Code (OT)
How should the supervisor code it?
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Tips on Coding Data Sheet

• The 4 step error correction cycle can be repeated
  up to a total of 3 times if necessary
• If you do complete 2 full cycles of the 4 step
  error correction the child still has not
  responded correctly remove the non preferred icon
  so the child can only make a correct response,
  then move on to the next initial trial placing
  the non preferred icon back on the book
• This means in 3 trials, if you had to go through
  the 4 step error correction you could have gone
  through a total of 9 cycles of 4 step error
  correction (3 full cycles for each of the 3
  initial trials)

Note If you do 3 consecutive initial trials
have to go through the 4 step error correction
each time, STOP THE PROCEDURE GET IT CODED BY A
SUPERVISOR
If you have to go through the 4 step error
correction a few times, you still only take data
on the initital trials, which means you should
never have more than 10 /- marks on your sheet
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Example Data Sheet
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What do we mean by the Initial Trial?

• The initial trial is the chance when the child
  gets to independently make a response and choose
  what item they want.
• If they reject the item they chose only then do
  you go into the 4 step error correction.
• Although the 4 step error correction comes right
  after an incorrect response it is not part of the
  initial trial. It is the correction for that
  initial trial.
• When the child rejected the item they received a
  on the data sheet and that was the end of the
  initial trial.

So, if I start the initial trial and the child
rejects the item, I mark the data for the initial
trial as - and do the 4 step error correction,
with the possibility of doing the 4 steps up to
three times
Then what do I do?
Thats right!
You start the next initial trial, and take your
next data mark.
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4-Step Error Correction
Child chooses icon
Accepts item
Rejects item
Read from top to bottom following the arrows as
necessary
TAKE DATA HERE
Correct on data sheet
Incorrect on data sheet
Go onto next trial
Model-Gestural prompt to preferred icon
Practice -Child exchanges preferred icon -Label,
but do not give item
Distract -Turn book over -Do ELO
Repeat -Turn book back over -Child independently
chooses icon -Label and give item
1
4
3
2
Accepts item
Rejects item
Go onto next trial
3
2
1
Accepts item
4
Model Practice Distract Repeat
Rejects item
Go onto next trial
Accepts item
1
4
3
2
Model Practice Distract Repeat
Do preference assessment Go onto next trial
Rejects item
Remove the incorrect icon and repeat the 4 steps
On repeat they get the treat!
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Phase 3B and 3C

• Phases 3B and 3C teach discrimination between
  preferred items
• For incorrect responses you still use the 4 Step
  Error Correction
• Correspondence checks are necessary for 60 of
  the trials

What do I do during a correspondence check?
Instead we offer them both items at once to check
that they want the item that did the icon
exchange for
We do not label the items during correspondence
checks in phases 3B and 3C
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Correspondence Checks

• After the icon exchange the tutor holds out both
  preferred items and says Go ahead, take it
• Trial is correct if the child chooses the item
  corresponding to the icon they gave you
• Trial is incorrect if the child chooses the item
  that does not correspond to the icon they gave
  you
• Block the incorrect response and go directly into
  the 4 Step Error Correction
• Start with pointing to the item the child should
  have taken (Teach to their reach)

So we can label the item during a correspondence
check right?
Absolutely NOT! REMEMBER!!! We do not label the
item
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Phase 3B

• 2 preferred items
• Do correspondence check to make sure child is
  discriminating between preferred items
• If the child chooses the item they didnt ask
  for, go into the 4 step error correction

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Phase 3C

• 4 preferred items
• Do correspondence checks using all 4 items
• For this phase it is easier to put the items on a
  bin lid so that they are spread out and easily
  accessible to the child
• When items are not spread out and accessible,
  tutors can easily mistake which item the child is
  reaching for
• Trial is correct when child chooses the item they
  asked for
• Trial is incorrect if child chooses a different
  item then what they asked for
• Use 4 step error correction for incorrect trials

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4-Step Error Correction
Chooses correct item
Chooses incorrect item
Child chooses item
TAKE DATA HERE
Correct on data sheet
Incorrect on data sheet
Go onto next trial
Model-Gestural prompt to preferred icon
Practice -Child exchanges preferred icon -Label,
but do not give item
Distract -Turn book over -Do ELO
Repeat -Turn book back over -Child independently
chooses icon -Correspondence check
1
4
3
2
Correct item
Incorrect item
Go onto next trial
3
2
1
Correct item
4
Model Practice Distract Repeat
Incorrect item
Go onto next trial
Correct item
1
4
3
2
Model Practice Distract Repeat
Do preference assessment Go onto next trial
Incorrect item
Remove the incorrect items and repeat the 4 steps
On repeat they get the treat!
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Tips

• Remember we do not take data on the 4 step error
  correction, we only take data on the initial
  trial
• There should never be any more than 10 or on
  the data sheet
• Note If you get three consecutive incorrect
  responses on the initial trials, stop the
  procedure and get it coded by a supervisor

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Still have questions?

• Contact the PECS/IE system manager
  Jennie.l.shooltz_at_wmich.edu or ask a Croyden
  supervisor.