The Biosphere - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Biosphere

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The Biosphere Vocabulary Ecology Biosphere Species Population Community Ecosystem Biome Producer Consumer Autotroph Heterotroph Decomposer Habitat Learning Target I ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The Biosphere


1
The Biosphere
2
Vocabulary
Niche Food Chain Food Web Trophic
Level Ecological Pyramid Biogeochemical
Cycles Evaporation Transpiration Nitrogen
Fixation Denitrification Water Cycle Nitrogen
Cycle Carbon Cycle
  • Ecology
  • Biosphere
  • Species
  • Population
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Biome
  • Producer
  • Consumer
  • Autotroph
  • Heterotroph
  • Decomposer
  • Habitat

3
Learning Target
  • I can define and provide examples of biosphere,
    biome, ecosystem, population, species, habitat
    and niche.
  • I can discuss biotic and abiotic factors that
    affect land and aquatic biomes.

4
What is Ecology?
  • It is the study of the interactions between
    organisms and their environment
  • The interaction between the biotic and abiotic
    factors

5
Abiotic Factors
  • The environments nonliving componentsphysical
    and chemical components that shape the environment

6
Abiotic Factors
  • Energy source
  • Temperature
  • Water
  • Nutrient Availability

7
Energy Source
  • Without a constant source of energy, living
    things die!!
  • What is the primary source of energy for living
    things on Earth?

8
You Are Correct! Its the SUN
9
Temperature
  • Directly affects metabolism
  • All living organisms have a range of temperature
    in which they best operate
  • At or below 0oC and above 45oC will destroy the
    enzymes of most organisms.

10
Water
  • Is essential for all life.
  • Critical for most metabolic chemical reactions
  • Helps maintain body temperature
  • Helps prevent dehydration

11
Nutrient Availability
  • Nutrients are all the chemical substances an
    organism needs to sustain its life.

12
Biotic Factors
  • All of the living organisms in an area

13
Ecology Levels Of Organization
14
What is the Biosphere?
  • It is the areas on Earth where life is found
  • It includes any place on land, in the water or in
    the atmosphere where organisms live

15
Where are living organisms found in the biosphere?
  • Living organisms are found from about 8 km above
    the Earth to about 11 km deep in the ocean

16
Ecosystem
  • All the abiotic factors and biotic factors found
    in a certain place at any time.

17
Community
  • All the organisms living in a specific area at a
    specific time

18
Population
  • A group of individuals of the same species living
    in the same area at the same time

19
Species
  • A group of organisms so similar that they can
    breed and produce fertile offspring

20
Habitat
  • The area where an organism lives.

21
Niche
  • The full range of physical and biological
    conditions in which an organism lives and the way
    in which the organism uses those conditions.

22
Points to Ponder
  • In your own words, can you define and provide
    examples of biosphere, biome, ecosystem,
    population, species, habitat and niche.
  • In your own words, can you describe biotic and
    abiotic factors that affect land and aquatic
    biomes and give examples of each.

23
Learning Target
  • I can explain how energy flows through ecosystems
    in one direction, from photosynthetic organisms
    to herbivores to carnivores and decomposers.
  • I can diagram the flow of energy using food webs,
    food chains and pyramids of energy, biomass and
    numbers.

24
Energy Flow
  • The sun is the main source of energy for life on
    earth.
  • lt 1 of all sunlight that reaches earth is used
    by living organisms.
  • What happens to the rest?

25
  • Most is reflected off as heat energy.

26
Producers or Autotrophs
  • Use sunlight or chemicals to make their own
    food.
  • Examples

27
Photosynthesis
  • 6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2
  • Performed on land by plants and in water by algae.

28
Can organisms make their own food without the aid
of sunlight?
  • Chemosynthesis using chemical energy to make
    carbohydrates.
  • Usually performed bacteria found in harsh
    environments
  • Ocean vents, volcanoes, hot-acidic environments

29
Consumers or heterotrophs Must get their energy
by eating other organisms
  • Herbivores Omnivores
  • Decomposers
  • Carnivores Detritivores

30
Food Chains
31
Food Webs
  • More complex than food chains
  • A complex net of interactions among organisms.
    (interdependence)

32
Trophic Levels
  • Each location or step in a food chain or food web
    represents a trophic level.
  • Examples producers, primary consumers, secondary
    consumers, etc.

33
Ecological pyramids
  • Only about ten percent of the energy available
    within a trophic level is transferred to
    organisms at the next higher level.

34
Pyramid of Numbers
35
Biomass Pyramids
  • Biomass and numbers

36
Points to Ponder
  • With a partner, demonstrate that you can create a
    food chain and a food web.
  • With a partner, demonstrate that you understand
    an ecological pyramid, a pyramid of numbers and a
    biomass pyramid

37
Learning Targets
  • I can explain how the amount of life any
    environment can support is limited by the
    available matter and energy and by the ability of
    ecosystems to recycle the residue of dead organic
    materials.
  • I can differentiate between the biogeochemical
    cycles.

38
Cycles of matter
  • Unlike energy, matter is constantly being
    recycled in an ecosystem.
  • Known as biogeochemical cycles

39
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40
Water Cycle
  • Evaporationthe process by which water changes
    from liquid form to atmospheric gas.
  • Transpirationwater evaporating from the leaves
    of plants and entering the atmosphere
  • Condensationwater returning to a liquid state
    from a gaseous state
  • Precipitationwater falling from the atmosphere
    in the form of rain, snow or some other form of
    liquid or solid.

41
Transpiration
  • The release of water from
  • the leaves of plants.
  • Water is exchanged through
  • a plants stomata.
  • Evaporation is the second
  • process that releases water
  • into the atmosphere.

42
Carbon Cycle
  1. Biological processes (photosynthesis,
    respiration, decomposition)
  2. Geochemical processes (volcanoes)
  3. Biogeochemical (fossil fuels)
  4. Human activity (factories, deforestation, car
    exhaust)

43
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44
Nitrogen Cycle
  • All organisms need nitrogen to live.
  • Most abundant gas in atmosphere (80)
  • Nitrogen gas is unusable for plants
  • Must be fixed or changed into the nitrate or
    nitrite form by bacteria in the soil. Known as
    nitrogen fixation
  • Other soil bacteria convert nitrates in to
    nitrogen gas in process called denitrification.

45
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46
Phosphorus Cycle
  • Phosphorus is important in the production of DNA
    and RNA.
  • Unlike water,oxygen, and nitrogen, phosphorus is
    NOT found in the atmosphere. Found in rocks and
    minerals.

47
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48
Nutrient Limitation
  • Primary productivity is the rate at which organic
    matter is created by producers.
  • Nutrient limitation occurs when a single nutrient
    is scarce for a particular ecosystem and limits
    the growth of organisms in that ecosystem.

49
Points to Ponder
  • How is the amount of life any environment can
    support limited by the available matter and
    energy and by the ability of ecosystems to
    recycle the residue of dead organic materials?
  • How would you differentiate between the
    biogeochemical cycles?
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