Physiology of Emotions II

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Physiology of Emotions II

• Class 10

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Quiz 1
Number Correct

• 10 pts
• 9.3 pts
• 13 8.7 pts
• 8.0 pts
• 7.3 pts
• 6.7 pts
• 9 6.0 pts

• 13-15 A
• A-/B
• B
• 9-10 B-
• C
• D
• 5-6 F

8 5.3 pts 7 4.7 pts 6 4.0 pts 5 3.3
pts
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MIDTERM ON MARCH 10
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Limbic System
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Evidence That Limbic System Regulates Behavior
Electrode Studies (Hess, 1940s) 1. Superfine
electrode stimulation of rats' LS 2. Rats
respond to jolts as if hugely rewarding a. Go
to where jolts occurred b. Work long to get
jolts c. Learn tasks paired with jolts 3.
Refers to this as "self-stimulation behavior" 4.
85 of limbic system --gt self stim behavior,
rare outside of limbic system
Rats' response to jolts is like what kind of
problematic human behavior?
Addiction
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More Evidence That Limbic System Regulates
Behavior
Psychomotor Epilepsy 1. Occurs when brain
cells in certain area fires in waves 2.
Psychomotor epilepsy restricted to limbic
system 3. Has similar effect in humans as
electrode shocks in rats. 4. Results of limbic
epilepsy (emotional auras) a. Happiness
Dostoevsky reports "indescribably
happiness." b. Other emotions Desire,
sadness, affection, fear, anger.
Behaviors associated with P.E. 1. Shadow
boxing 2. Kissing fits
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Amygdala

• 1. Emotion central pleasure and pain
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• Sensitive to unfamiliar stimuli
• 3. Makes first assessment of events emotional
  significance
• 4. Neural pathway to amygdala bypasses the cortex

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Kl?ver-Bucy Syndrome
Removal of monkey amygdala leads to 1. Lose
fear to/aggressiveness towards humans 2. No
facial expression 3. Examine things regardless
of danger
fire, broken glass 4. Eat everything meat,
feces 5. Mate everything other sex, same sex,
inanimate objects Kl?ver-Bucy Syndrome occurs
when amygdala is damaged. Shows same effects in
humans as amygdala removal in monkeys.
What does K-B Syndrome say about emotions and
judgment?
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LeDouxs Neural Pathways
STANDARD ROUTE SENSORY ? THALAMUS ? CORTEX
? AMYGDALA
This route indicates what comes first, thinking
or feeling?
Thinking cortex precedes amygdala
EMERGENCY ROUTE SENSORY ? THALAMUS ?
AMYGDALA
This route indicates what comes first, thinking
or feeling?
Feeling Direct line to amygdala
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Amygdala and Emotions Key Points
 1. Input connectionsVisual centers, auditory
centers  2. Output connectionshypothalamus
(directs emot. behavior)  3. Activation leads to
self stimulation behavior, a range of
emotions  4. Assigns emotional significance to
events   Conditioning occurs without cortex,
just amygdala   Directs attention to important
events   Sets up species specific action
systems  5. Does amygdala support appraisal or
separate systems?
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The Role of the Cortex in Emotions Hemispheric
Lateralization
Right Hemi.
Left Hemi.
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Hemis. Lateralization and Emotions
Lateralization L hemisphere guides right
side of body R hemisphere guides left side
of body Lateral functions L hemisphere
speech, reasoning R hemisphere emotional
recognition and interpretation. All
reversed if Left-handed (i.e., L hemi. guides
emotion, etc.) Research on hemisphere
lateralization   1. Split-brain studies of
epileptics   2. Emotional ID of faces and hemi.
dominance  3. Lie detection and hemisphere
dominance
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Split Brain Studies of Epileptics
Epilepsy treatmentremoval of corpus collosum
Corpus Collosum is
Membrane connects L hemi to R hemi
Removal permits exclusive presentation to L or R
hemi
Patients shown emotional displays to L or R side
of brain
Can recognize emotions when shown to
Right side
Can verbalize emotions when shown to
Left side
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Aphasia and Lie Detection
aphasia (uh-fay'-zhuh) n. An impairment of the
ability to use or comprehend words, usually
acquired as a result of a stroke or other brain
injury (National Aphasia Association). Oliver
Sacks and laughter from the Aphasia Ward during
Ronald Reagans speech. Aphasiacs depend on
emotional cues So good at reading emotions,
hard to see that they dont
understand language. Respond to HOW things said,
not WHAT said.
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Valence Lateralization
Emotional Perception R hemi is superior to L
hemi
Does one side FEEL more emotion than the other?
NO
Hemis differ in type, or valence of emotions
they favor.
Negative emotions felt mainly on? ?
Right Side
Positive emotions felt mainly on? ?
Left Side
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Chimeric Faces
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EEG Evidence of Lateralization
EEG Electroencephalogram Electrodes placed on
scalp, record brain activity Subjects see funny
or gruesome movie, facial expression and EEG are
recorded.
EXPRESSION
HEMI ACTIVATED
MOVIE
Funny ?
Smiling, happy
Left Side
Gruesome ?
Nose wrinkle, disgust
Right Side
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Muscle Contraction and Mood States
Ss contract L-side/R-side of face or squeeze ball
in R or L hand. These actions activate
(R-hemi/L-hemi)per handedness.
These actions, in turn, lead to mood changes
L-side activity ?
Right
Hemi ?
sadness
Hemi ?
positive, assertive
R-Side activity ?
Left
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Hemispheric Activation and Social Judgment TAT
Study
TAT Thematic Apperception Test People see
pictures, and tell stories about them.
Commonly used as a clinical psychology device
  L-side activity ? R-hemi ? R-side
activity ? L-hemi ?
More negative interpretations
More positive interpretations
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Why Are Emotions Lateralized?
What kind of emotions leads to approach, positive
or negative?
Positive
Which hemi controls these kinds of emotions,
right or left?
Left
With which hand to we approach things, Left or
Right?
Right (dominant)
Which hemi controls Right hand, Left or Right?
Left
Conclusion Emotions help guide approach/avoidance
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Emotional Lives of Stroke Patients
Clinical Condition
Stroke to Left Hemisphere ? ?
Depression
Stroke to Right Hemisphere ? ?
Mania
Chronically depressed people show less Left
Frontal Activation
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Neurological Development and the Limbic System
R-Hemi has closer connections to limbic system
than L-Hemi. R-Hemi develops earlier in infancy
than L-Hemi Emotions appear in babies before
language Emotionally expressive babies start
talking later When babies start to talk, dont
show emotion 13 mostalk, no emotion 19
mostalk emotion What does this say about
separate systems?
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Are Affective Styles Genetic? Davidsons, Kagan et
al. 1993
Subs 2.5 year olds (N 386) tested with moms
present.   Start (T) Hang out with mom   T
10 Talking robot appears   T 13
Robot leaves to take a nap   T 20
Stranger with fun toys Want to play?   T 23
Stranger leaves  Three types of children
identified 1. Inhibited hover near mom,
quiet, avoid robot, stranger 2. Un-inhibited
Less time w mom, engage in activities 3.
In-betweeners Between inhibs and un-inhibs
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Hemisphere Activation and TemperamentKagan, et
al. Study of Inhibited/Uninhibited Kids
Hemisphere activation measured using?
Implications for shyness Learned or inherited?
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Neurochemicals and Emotions
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OTTO LOEWI AND THE DISCOVERY OF NEURO-CHEMICALS

1. Stim vagus nerve, slows Heart 1 (H1)

2. Extract fluid from H1 bath
3. Apply H1 fluid to H2.
What happens to Heart 2?
It slows.
Why?
Acetyl-choline
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Neurochemicals and Emotions
1. Neurotransmitters (e.g., acetyl-choline) 2.
Hormones (e.g., adrenaline, from adrenals) 3.
Neuromoderators (e.g., endorphins) Relevance to
emotions Different emotional systems
employ different neuro-chemical
messengers   Different chemicals lead to
different emotional states What clinical
value in locating "emotional" chemicals?
Discovery of psychotropic drugs to treat
depression, anxiety, hyper-arousal.
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L-Dopa
Awakenings, (1990)
  1. Pre-cursor to dopamine, a
neurotransmitter 2. Acts on striatummotor
activity 3. Re-awakens sleeping sickness
patients Revived planning, spontaneous
action Revived emotions--probably b/c revived
striatum communicates with ???
Amygdala
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Panic Attacks
Sudden rush of fear, lasts 15-30 min Come "out of
the blue" Feels like heart attack, will lose
control Can lead to agoraphobia--fear of being in
the open
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CCK (cholecytokinin)

• 1. CCK is peptide, large molecule
  neurotransmitter
• CCK --gt increased blood to limbic system
• Tied to panic attacks
• 4. Give CCK to humans, monkeys, rats --gt panic
  attack