INTRODUCTION%20TO%20THE%20BODY

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INTRODUCTION TO THE BODY

• HUMAN ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY

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Anatomy/Physiology

• ANATOMY - study of the structure of an organism
  and the relationships of its parts
• Anatomists learn about the human body by
  dissection
• PHYSIOLOGY study of the function
  of living organisms and their parts
• Requires active experimentation
• Anatomical structures are designed
  for their specific functions
• FORM FITS FUNCTION! Struc-Func

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History of Anatomical Studies

• Andreas Vesalius
• 1514-1564
• Obtained bodies of executed criminals for
  dissection
• Founder of modern human anatomy
• Published the first true anatomy textbook
• De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of
  the Human Body)
• Henry Gray
• 1827-1861
• Published Grays Anatomy
• Recent editions still used by medical students
  today

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Muscle Man as seen in De Humani Corporis
Fabrica by Andreas Vesalius
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Hand-colored diagram of blood vessels in the neck
as seen in Grays Anatomy (2nd ed.) by Henry Gray
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Structural Levels of Organization

• The body is a single structure, but it is made
  up of trillions of smaller
  structures working together to
  make a functioning organism
• Atoms combine to form molecules
• Molecules combine to form organelles
• Organelles combine to form cells (smallest
  living unit)
• Cells that work together combine to form tissues
• Tissues that work together to form organs
• Organs that work together form an organ system
• Organ Systems that work together form an organism

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Structural Levels of Organization
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Balance of Body Functions

• All living organisms have mechanisms that ensure
  survival of the body by keeping consistent
  internal conditions
• Homeostasis regulation of the living
  environment biological balance
• Every organism must have some sort of
  self-regulation to maintain homeostasis
• Known as FEEDBACK LOOPS

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Negative Feedback Loop

• Negates or opposes a change in a condition
• By reversing the change, it returns to normal

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Positive Feedback Loop

• Not as common
• Amplify or reinforce a change that is occurring
• Causes increase in rate of occurrence of events
  until something stops the process
• Examples Uterine contractions in the
  birthing process increasingly rapid
  sticking together of platelets to cuts

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System Group of organs that perform a more
complex function than any organ alone

• Integument
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Circulatory
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Lymphatic
• Urinary

Listing of the 10 organ systems (the human
bodys largest and most complex structural unit)
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Human Organ Systems Poster Peer-Teaching Project
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INTEGUMENTARY

• Skin 20 lbs-(16) body weight (largest and most
  important organ of integumentary system)
• Appendages hair, nails, sweat / oil glands
• Sense Organs respond to pain, pressure, touch
  and changes in temperature
• Function
• Primary is protection
• Regulates body temperature

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SKELETAL

• 206 bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints
• Function
• Support and protection
• Storage for minerals (Ca, P)
• Formation of blood cells in red marrow of certain
  bones

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MUSCULAR

• Voluntary (STRIATED)
• Skeletal Muscle under conscious control
• Involuntary
• Smooth Muscle (Stomach, Small Intestine)
• Cardiac Muscle - Heartbeat
• Function
• Movement, body posture, shape, generate heat
• Tendon attaches muscle to bone

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NERVOUS

• Sense organs Brain, spinal cord, nerves
• Nerves extend from brain and
  spinal cord to every area of body
• Functions
• 1. Communication between body functions
  
• 2. Integration of body functions
  
• 3. Control of body functions
• 4. Recognition and response to stimuli
• 5. Rapid, precise control of body functions
• Functions are done by specialized signals - nerve
  impulses

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ENDOCRINE

• Glands that secrete hormones pituitary,
  pineal, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid,
  thymus, adrenal, pancreas
• Functions
• Produce and secrete hormones communication
  control growth regulate metabolism, fluid and
  electrolyte balance, acid-base balance and
  reproduction

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CIRCULATORY

• Heart, arteries, veins,
  capillaries
• Cardiovascular refers to heart and blood vessels
• Functions
• Transportation of O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones
• Regulate body temp.
• Defense or immunity

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RESPIRATORY

• Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs,
  alveoli (air sacs)
• Function
• O2 CO2 exchange in alveoli (air sacs)
• Warming air
• Irritants removed
• Regulates acid-base balances

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DIGESTIVE

• Primary (GI TRACT) mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
  stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
  rectum, anus
• Secondary teeth, salivary glands, tongue,
  liver, gallbladder, pancreas, appendix
• Functions
• Proper digestion of food, absorb nutrients,
  eliminate waste (feces)

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LYMPHATIC

• Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, tonsils, thymus,
  spleen
• Functions
• Movement of large molecules from tissue spaces
  around cells
• Movement of fat-related nutrients form digestive
  tract to blood
• Also is involved in functioning of the immune
  system
• Lymphatic vessels are filled with lymph, a
  whitish watery fluid composed of lymphocytes,
  proteins and some fatty molecules

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URINARY

• Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
• Functions
• Clean blood
• Maintain acid-base, electrolytes, and
  water balances
• Produces and releases urine