Intro to Communism

1
Intro to Communism
2
Terms Bourgeoisie, Proletariat, MarxMarxs View
on Capitalism

• Communism was a theory by Karl Marx as a way to
  organize society fairly.
• Marx saw that capitalism creates classes in
  society.
• Bourgeoisie are the owners
• Proletariat are the workers
• These two classes will continually be in
  conflict.

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Marxs View on Capitalism

• Bourgeoisie own all the capital (factories, tools
  etc)
• They also get all the profits.
• They can reinvest the profits in the company or
  remove it and pay themselves.

4
Marxs View on Capitalism

• Proletariat These are the workers and get paid
  a wage.
• They get no share in Company profits.
• At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies.
• The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to reduce the
  costs of production and pay as little as
  possible.

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Term Dictatorship of the Proletariat

• A dictatorship of the proletariat will be
  created to organize the country.
• They will ensure that the gains of the revolt is
  secured from the capitalist.
• Most Communist regimes have only achieved this.

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PersonVladimir Lenin

• Lenin was leader of the Communist Bolshevik
  party.
• Aided by Germany because he wanted Russia to get
  out of the war.
• Party increased from 26000 to 2 million
• Created a military group called the red Guards

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November 1917

• Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power in a
  revolution.
• Lenin gives all land to the peasants
• Factories are given to the workers who elect a
  committee to run them.

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Term Dictatorship of the Proletariat

• Lenin sets up a Dictatorship of the Proletariat
• Kills all political opponents including the tsar
• Education increased
• Religion banned in schools, priests prosecuted
• Labour laws include 8 hour days, health benefits,
  Holidays, pension mandatory

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Terms Yalta Conference
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Yalta Conference

• The three leaders met at Yalta, Soviet Union.
• Germany was to be defeated and disarmed.
• Split into four zones of occupation given to the
  Allies.

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Yalta Conference

• Eastern European countries were to have free
  elections.
• The USSR was to join the war against Japan.
• United Nations set up.
• Germany was to pay reparations, Stalin wanted a
  large fixed sum the Allies would not agree with.

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Term Potsdam
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Potsdam Conference

• Occupation zones decided.
• Nazi party banned and were to be tried as war
  criminals.
• For reparations each power was to collect
  industrial equipment from its zone. USSR zone
  was mostly agriculture.
• Germans living in Poland, Hungary, and
  Czechoslovakia were to return to Germany.

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Tensions after Potsdam

• Truman replaced Roosevelt after his death.
• Stalin invited non communist leaders in Poland to
  the Soviet Union and imprisoned them. Communists
  replaced them in Government.
• Truman did not tell Stalin about plans to drop
  bomb on Japan.

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Tensions after Potsdam

• Truman was suspicious since USSR had the largest
  army in the world.
• USSR was developing its own atomic Bomb.
• Truman believed Stalin was influencing Eastern
  Europe to become communists.

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Term Truman Doctrine

• U.S. President Harry Truman believed that is was
  the responsibility of the U.S. to prevent the
  spread of Communism in the world.
• Change in foreign policy from isolationism which
  was practiced throughout the two world wars.

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UN InvolvementTerm Domino Theory

• Truman was afraid that if Korea fell to Communism
  than so would Japan and other Capitalists
  countries. (Domino Theory).
• 16 countries supported the UN invasion of Korea
  including Canada.
• Truman chose General Macarthur to lead the force.

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Term 38th Parallel

• They meet at the 38th parallel (latitude) and
  divided the country in two.

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1st phaseTerms Macarthur, Yalu river, Pusan

• June Sept.
• North Korea pushes the South all the way back to
  a small corner of the country called Pusan.

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2nd phaseInchon

• Macarthur organised a landing at Inchon.
• Effectively surrounds N Korean troops.
• Despite Chinas warnings they cross the 38th
  parallel.

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3rd phase

• US ignore China and push all the way to the Yalu
  River.
• This borders with China.
• Macarthur ignored Trumans orders and began to
  approach the Yalu.

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• China enters the war.
• Pushes the force back past the 38th parallel.
• Un counter Attack drives them back to the 38th
  parallel.
• Armistice signed in 1953.

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Rhee and Macarthur

• Sigmund Rhee - U.S supported Leader of South
  Korea, Capitalist.
• General Macarthur General made famous after war
  in the pacific. General in charge of the Korean
  War.

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Cuban Missile Crisis
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Person Fulgencio Batista

• In 1950, Cuba was ruled by a ruthless dictator
  Fulgencio Batista.
• He killed all opponents and used the military to
  support his rule.

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Batista Government

• Capitalist government.
• Military supported by the U.S
• He and members of his government were very rich
  while the rest of Cubans were poor.
• Disliked Communists.

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Batista Government

• The capital, Havana, was treated as a playground
  for rich Americans.
• It was controlled by American Italian Mafia
  Leader Lucky Luciano.
• Lucky set up a cocaine operation and ran casinos.

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Batista Government

• Was also used to hide money from illegal
  activities in the U.S.
• Many Americans set up factories in Cuba to take
  advantage of local resources like sugar cane and
  tobacco. Ex. Palmolive Colgate.
• This resulted in many rich Americans and very
  poor citizens of Cuba

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Cuban RevolutionPerson Fidel Castro

• Fidel Castro was a lawyer and was appalled at the
  corruption for the Batista government.
• Received support through educating the poor on
  the corruption of the government.
• He joined forces with Che Guevara and organised
  an army which overthrew the Batista government.

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Castro Regime

• Castros first business was to execute all the
  corrupt government officials that abused the
  poor.
• Then he nationalised all the foreign American
  assets.
• Wealth was to be invested in Cuba.
• With this money he set up free health care.

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Term Bay of Pigs Invasion

• Cuba has fell to Communism and Castro is allied
  with the USSR because of the trade embargo.
• Kennedy could not have a communist ally 50 miles
  off the coast of Florida.
• Many people who did not agree with Castro and
  Communism fled the country and became exiles.

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Bay of Pigs 1961

• Kennedy decided to get the CIA to train the
  exiles and plan an invasion of Cuba.
• Exiles taking country back sounds a lot better
  than a US invasion.
• The invasion was a great failure and Castro
  captured and jailed many of the exiles.

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Results of Bay of Pigs 1961

• Because of this Castro felt threatened and allied
  closure with the USSR.
• He needed them for protection.
• Allowed Russia to install military bases.
• Russia began shipping weapons into Cuba.

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Khrushchev and Gulag

• Khrushchev Leader of the Soviet Union during the
  Cuban Missile Crisis.
• Policy of Destalinisation throughout Russia and
  told of the Gulag Prisons.
• Gulag Prisons and Labour camps Stalin created
  to deal with anyone who opposed him.

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Détente, Hotline, MAD

• Détente Time of peace or settling of tension
  during a conflict.
• Hotline direct line of communication which was
  set up after the Cuban Missile crisis between the
  USSR and the USA.
• MAD Mutually Assured Destruction Theory which
  states that if one country attacks with a Nuclear
  weapon then the other would counter, this would
  continue until both countries are destroyed.

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Marshall Plan

• Truman believed Communism grew in countries in
  poverty.
• Many governments were struggling to rebuild after
  the war.
• They realised that if they built up Europe now,
  they could have a trading partner for life and
  keep it from falling to communism.
• Created by General George Marshall

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Marshall Plan

• The USA offered money, equipment and goods to
  states willing to work together to create
  recovery.
• Included cash machinery, food and technology.
• In return, they would agree to buy American goods
  and allow American to invest capital in their in
  their industries.

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Results

• 16 nations set up the Organisation for European
  Economic Cooperation.
• In 1953 US gave 17 billion
• Increased tensions and divide between East and
  West.
• Stalin prevented Soviet countries from engaging
  in the plan.

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Results

• Stalin accused the USA of using the plan for
  their own selfish interests
• Plan to dominate Europe and help the American
  Economy.

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Short Answer Question2. Berlin Blockade 1948-49
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Berlin BlockadePolitical Divisions

• After Potsdam Berlin was divided between West
  (allied controlled and East USSR controlled.
• West was capitalist democracy and East was
  Socialist.

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Berlin Blockade Reconstruction Differences

• Allies wanted to rebuild Germany to be a strong
  country.
• Wouldnt fall to Communism
• Create a trading partner
• Act as a shield against the spread of communism
  in Europe

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Berlin Blockade Reconstruction Differences

• USSR wanted a weak Germany that would be
  incapable of an attack.
• USSR refused to let their zone trade with the
  Western allied zone (West Berlin)

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Berlin BlockadeConflict

• Since Berlin was in Soviet zone, they controlled
  all access to city.
• Believed the Allies had no business in Berlin
  since it was in the Soviet zone.
• U.S put up a military base.
• Capitalist way of life was on show as the U.S
  tried to make their zone better.

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Berlin Blockade

• In protest, Stalin decided to restrict access to
  Berlin by the Allies.
• Hoped to get the allies to pull out of Berlin by
  starving the people.
• Abandon plans to develop Germany
• Eventually the people would turn to him and
  switch to Communism and create one city.

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Berlin BlockadeWestern Options

• Ignore and drive through Blockade.
• Advantages 1)Show the Russians the U.S could not
  be blackmailed.
• 2)They were the only ones with an A bomb.
• Disadvantages 1)High risk of War
• 2)Russian forces outnumbered U.S forces in Europe.

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Berlin BlockadeOption 2 Pull Out of Berlin

• Advantages
• 1) Avoid any risk of War
• Disadvantages
• 1)Loss of prestige (positive reputation) for the
  Western powers.
• 2) No one trust the Americans in the future to
  stand against Communism.

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Berlin Blockade Option 3 Supply West Berlin by
Air

• Advantages
• 1)Less risk of War than option 1
• Disadvantages
• 1) Risky Operation 4000 tons of supplies required
  daily.
• 2) Costly to supply by two million people by air.

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Short Answer 3. and Terms Socialism v. Capitalism

• Usually 1 party state
• Industry and agriculture owned by the state.
  People encouraged to work for the common good.
• Classless society with no profit making

• Elections and more than one political party.
• Most industry and agriculture owned by
  individuals.
• They employ workers and keep all profits made.
• Profits create classes of people.

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Terms Bourgeoisie, Proletariat, MarxMarxs View
on Capitalism

• Communism was a theory by Karl Marx as a way to
  organize society fairly.
• Marx saw that capitalism creates classes in
  society.
• Bourgeoisie are the owners
• Proletariat are the workers
• These two classes will continually be in
  conflict.

52
Marxs View on Capitalism

• Bourgeoisie own all the capital (factories, tools
  etc)
• They also get all the profits.
• They can reinvest the profits in the company or
  remove it and pay themselves.

53
Marxs View on Capitalism

• Proletariat These are the workers and get paid
  a wage.
• They get no share in Company profits.
• At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies.
• The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to reduce the
  costs of production and pay as little as
  possible.

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1st stage of CommunismRevolt

• Eventually working class (proletariat) will
  revolt and overthrow the owners (bourgeoisie).
• They will take over ownership of the means of
  production (factories, land etc.)
• This will dissolve all classes and equality will
  be achieved.

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Term Dictatorship of the Proletariat

• A dictatorship of the proletariat will be
  created to organize the country.
• They will ensure that the gains of the revolt is
  secured from the capitalist.
• Most Communist regimes have only achieved this.

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Question 4. Kennedys OptionsOption 1 Do Nothing

• He could do nothing and ignore the missiles.
• This would have been political suicide and if the
  Russians had seen this as weakness on his part,
  they could have taken advantage of it.
• Lose public support and be seen as a weak
  president.

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Option 2 Invasion

• He could order a full scale military invasion of
  Cuba.
• This would escalate the problem as there were
  22000 Soviet troops there.
• Heavy casualties would look bad on the
  presidency.
• Did not know where all the sites were or if any
  were operational and would be fired before they
  were captured.

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Option 3 - Air Strike

• He could order an air strike against the missile
  bases only.
• The problem again would be Russian casualties.
• Air Force was not sure it could deliver pin-point
  bombing raids on what were relatively small
  targets.

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Option 4 - Diplomacy

• He could call on the Russians to remove the
  missiles explaining the damage their presence was
  doing to Russian/American relations.
• However, the Russians were highly unlikely to
  listen to a polite request especially as they
  even refused to recognise the existence of the
  missiles at the United Nations emergency meeting
  on the matter.

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Option 5 - Blockade

• He could put a naval blockade around the island -
  quarantine it - and not allow any more Russian
  ships to enter Cuba.
• This would still leave missiles on Cuba but the
  negotiations would continue in the background
  while publically Kennedy would be seen to be
  doing something specific.

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Cuban Missile Crisis
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Short Answer Question 5. Lenin to Stalin

• Lenin dies from multiple strokes in 1924
• Stalin opposed the New Economic Policy of Lenin
  as it was not Socialism.
• A new class of rich landowners formed called
  Kulaks

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Collectivisation

• Stalin felt he needed to modernise and
  industrialise.
• In order for industrialisation to occur there
  needs to be modernised farming techniques.
• Greater yield from less work would allow farmers
  to leave land and go work in factories.
• Modernisation meant using tractors and machines
  on large farms

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Collectivisation

• Stalin took control of small farms controlled by
  one family and merged them into large plots of
  land that supported many families.
• The government then gave them tractors and seeds.

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IndustrialisationStalins Aims

• Security threatened from Western Nations,
  needed to modernise the Military
• Prove Communism was right
• Control Stalin needed to control his country so
  revolutions did not occur
• Agriculture Needed to be able manufacture
  tractors and farm equipment

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Term 5 Year PlansFirst plan 1928-32

• Increase armaments (military) by mining iron,
  coal and producing steel.
• Take over all private business
• 1929 Stalin ordered it to be completed in 4
  years.

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5 year Plan2nd Plan 1933 - 37

• Concentrated on consumer goods and housing
  projects.
• Had to be abandoned because of suspicion around
  Hitler
• Went back to producing weapons.

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5 Year Plan 3rd Plan

• Focused on luxury goods such as bicycles, and
  radios that were in other industrialised
  countries.
• Also abandoned when Hitler invaded

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Results of 5 Year Plan

• Output Soviet Union made huge advances to make
  it the worlds second largest industrial Power
• New industrial centres and towns were built from
  scratch in the centre of the Union, protected
  from invasion
• See handout

70

• Power and transport projects were completed
  including huge hydroelectric dams
• Urban Population increased by 29 million.

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Stalins Dictatorship

• Stalin used propaganda to create a cult of
  Stalin
• He had statues and places named after him.
  (Stalingrad)
• People had to clap when his name was mentioned in
  meetings

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Culture and Censorship

• Stalin reviewed every film and book written to
  make sure it promoted the country.
• Stories had to celebrate the common working
  people and the successes of Communism
• Anyone in violation would be sent to Labour camps
  or Gulags

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Education

• Children were taught that Stalin was the Great
  Leader
• Students were taught Stalins version of History
• Religion was banned and leaders imprisoned
• Stalin was the only one to be worshipped.

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Secret Police and Labour Camps

• Stalin created and expanded his secret police
  force to search out anyone in opposition to his
  government.
• Guilty people were sentenced to death, exile or
  hard labour.
• Labour camps called Gulags were set up for
  prisoners.
• Millions of people were sent to do forced labour.

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Purges

• Stalin was always fearful of losing power.
• Used terror in the form of Purges to get rid of
  any opposition.
• This also helped with labour in mines

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Purges 1930-40

• Managers and workers that did not meet the five
  year plans or talked bad about them
• Kulaks that opposed collectivisation
• 1934 Opposition party members
• 1935 senior communists that may support Other
  leaders (Trotsky)

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Purges

• Ordinary citizens if someone suspected a
  neighbour of not supporting the government they
  could be arrested.
• Children were encouraged to tell on their
  parents.
• People tortured to confession
• 1 million people in Moscow killed

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Purges and Results

• 1937 the Red Army Most senior officers and
  officials were killed or sent to Gulags.
• Left the army unprepared against Hitlers
  invasion.
• Executed 1 million
• Died in Camps 2 million
• In prison 1 million
• Gulags 8 million
• These are figures form one year.

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Results Continued

• Most of the advantages of Communism was
  nullified after this.
• Expert scientists, administrators and Engineers
  were usually sent to Gulags or killed.
• People would tell on each other for self
  interest.
• Stalin even killed members of his own family.

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The Later Cold War

• 1964-91

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Vietnam War

• Before the war France controlled Vietnam,
  Laos,Cambodia
• Called the area Indo-china
• People hated the oppressive French rule.

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WW2

• Japan invades Indo-China.
• Group called the Vietminh was set up to resist
  the Japanese.
• Led by Ho Chi Minh who was a communist.
• Allies worked with the Vietminh to get rid of
  Japanese.

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ww2

• Two weeks after the end of ww2 the French turn on
  the Vietminh and tried to regain control.
• China and the USSR help the Vietminh
• French are defeated 8 years later at Dien Bien
  Phu and pull out of Northern Vietnam.

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1954 Geneva Conference

• Ended war in Vietnam
• Independence granted to Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia
• Vietnam divided between Northern communist
  Vietminh and Southern Vietnam backed by France
  and U.S.
• South ruled by unpopular dictator Diem who was
  opposed by a communist group, the Vietcong

85

• Vietcong was supplied by the USSR and China
  through the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
• Popular with the rural people and the force grew
  to 100,000 troops occupying 40 of the land.
• Communism was on the verge of spreading
  throughout South East Asia.

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• 1964 North Vietnam torpedos US ships in the gulf
  of Tonkin.
• President Johnson starts bombing the North and
  sends in US troops to the South.
• Believes it will be a quick war.

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Timeline

• 1964 Operation Rolling thunder
• Aims to destroy bases, ports and supply lines
  through bombing.
• More bombs dropped here then in all previous wars
  combined.
• Troops fight the Vietcong in the South.

88

• 1968 Tet offensive
• Vietcong conducts surprise attacks on U.S bases.
• Shows the Vietcong can strike in American held
  territory.
• Hurts American morale believe war cannot be won.
• Johnson stops bombing and negotiates peace.

89

• 1969 Vietnamization
• Nixon hand over fighting to the South Vietnamese
  army and pulls out troops.
• 1970 US invades Cambodia to sneak attack North
  Vietnamese bases. Failed
• 1971 South Vietnam fails to destroy Ho Chi Minh
  Trail
• 1972 North attacks the South, Nixon reorders
  bombing of North.

90

• 1973 US agrees to ceasefire with the Two Vietnams
  and Vietcong.
• Pulls out remaining troops.
• North invades South Vietnam,
• Cambodia, and Laos form Communist governments.

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Unpopular War

• 1.
• High level of casualties 50.000
• 300 dying per week
• 2. economic cost of 30000000 or half a billion a
  year in todays terms.
• 3. Use of horrific weapons like Napalm and Agent
  Orange.

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• 4. Stories of drug addiction among US troops.
• 5. US atrocities My Lai US soldiers attack an
  undefended village raping and killing 300
  villagers, mainly women and children.
• 6. Protests at Kent State University turns
  violent when Nixon calls in National Guard and
  they shoot on protesters. 4 Killed.

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Why was US defeated?

• Failed to respond to guerilla warfare tactics by
  vietcong.
• US troops were inexperienced, low morale, avg age
  of 19.
• The South army was weak.
• US failed to win support of peasants who then
  helped Vietcong.
• US support lost at home.

94
Why was Vietcong Successful?

• High morale, believed they were helping their
  people against invaders.
• Effective guerilla tactics.
• Backed by China and the USSR using Ho Chi Minh
  Trail.
• Hide bases underground away from bombing (300 kms
  worth)