Ch. 27: Empire and Expansion

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Ch. 27 Empire and Expansion

• AP US History

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America Turns Outward

• By the 1890s America turned from its inward
  policy (isolationist) to and outward policy
  (imperialism).
• European nations had been land grabbing
  throughout the 1800s. (Africa)

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America Turns Outward

• Reasons for Imperialism
• Yellow Journalism
• Stirred up desire of people for adventure
• Missionaries wanted to save souls
• Rev. Josiah Strong wanted to Christianize the
  exotic lands. Our Country Its Possible Future
  and Its Present Crisis
• Social Darwinism
• Supported by people like T.R and Henry Cabot
  Lodge
• Stronger nations should conquer the weaker
  nations.
• Naval Race
• Cap. Alfred Mahan wrote The Influence of Sea
  Power Upon History, 1660-1783.
• Key to nations power is through their naval power

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Americas Close Calls

• The US had several close-calls or balancing acts
  during this time.
• James G. Blaine advocated the big sister
  policy.
• Idea was to get Latin American countries behind
  the leadership of the U.S.
• Pan-American Conference held in Washington D.C

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Americas Close Calls

• Other conflicts
• US-Germany (Samoa islands)
• US-Italy (Captured Italians in New Orleans)
• US-Canada (seal hunting rights)
• US-Britain (Gold discoveries in Venezuela)
• US just stuck up for her little sister
• Defended Monroe Doctrine (European nations were
  to stay out of Western Hemisphere)
• Almost led to war but Britain backed off due to
  threats to their South African colonies by
  Germany.

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America turns its eyes to Hawaii

• America turns its eyes to Hawaii
• Americans regarded it as an extension of the US.
• Shippers, sailors, whalers and missionaries where
  there.
• American companies ran islands economics
• American fruit/sugar companies entrenched in
  Hawaii
• Natives grew restless towards the Americans
• Disease killed many natives
• Japanese/Chinese brought in as workers.

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America turns its eyes to Hawaii

• Sugar companies wanted to take Hawaii for good.
• REASONS
• Worried of Japan trying to take over
• McKinley Tariff raised prices of goods when
  imported to US.

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America turns its eyes to Hawaii

• Queen Liliuokalani resisted.
• Said natives should run Hawaii
• Washington worked on legislation to annex Hawaii.
  
• Before it could pass Congress Harrison was
  replaced by Grover Cleveland as President.
• Cleveland stopped the annexation b/c he didnt
  like the way Hawaii was taken over.

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Cubans Rise in Revolt

• 1895 Cuba revolts against Spain
• The Cuban insurrectos revolted against Spanish
  overlords on Sugar plantations.
• Burned everything

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Cubans Rise in Revolt

• The US rooted for the Cubans
• REASONS
• America loved liberty and independence
• Yellow Journalism
• Good for Monroe Doctrine to get rid of another
  European nation
• Cuba was a gateway to Caribbean
• dreams of Panama Canal

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Cubans Rise in Revolt

• Spain sent Gen. Valeriano Butcher Weyler to
  stop the revolt.
• He started prison camps for the insurrectos.
• Americas yellow press ran with this.
• Frederic Remington is sent by Hearst to draw
  pictures.
• You furnish the pictures, Ill furnish the war.

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Cubans Rise in Revolt

• De Lome letter letter from Spanish official
  Dupuy de Lome criticizing Pres. McKinley.
• U.S.S Maine exploded at night in Havana harbor
  killing 260 American sailors.
• Cause was a mystery (public thought Spain had
  done it)
• American public called for war Remember the
  Maine
• McKinley finally gave in and sent message asking
  for war to Congress.
• April 11, 1898 Congress voted for war w/ Spain.
• Teller Amendment Said the US would give Cuba its
  freedom after ridding it of Spanish rule.

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Deweys May Day Victory

• America enters war with confidence and
  excitement. Spanish-American War
• Before war is declared Teddy R ordered Commodore
  George Dewey to move to Philippines if war broke
  out. (Spanish control)
• Dewey carries out orders May 1, 1898

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Deweys May Day Victory

• Americas 6 ships (new) defeated the 10 Spanish
  ships (old) easily.
• Dewey won battle but couldnt take island with
  sailors.
• US takes island quickly when foot soldiers
  reinforce Deweys sailors.
• Now US wants Hawaii as way station in Pacific.
• McKinley and Congress agreed to annex Hawaii on
  July 7, 1898 (5 years after first attempt)

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Confused Invasion of Cuba

• Americans ill prepared for war
• Clothing for fighting in sub-zero temps not Cuba.
• US led by Gen. William Shafter
• Rough Riders organized by Teddy R.
• Calvary had to fight on foot b/c no plan to get
  horses to Cuba.

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Confused Invasion of Cuba

• Spanish fleet used narrow harbor at Santiago to
  enter Cuba.
• US blockaded the Spanish fleet in Harbor as Army
  went ashore further up the river.
• US forces suffocated the Spanish forces.
• Destroyed Spanish ships as they tried to escape.

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Confused Invasion of Cuba

• Splendid Little War Sec. of State John Hay
• Spain signed an armistice on August 12, 1898.
• 4,000 US soldiers died from battle
• 5,000 die from disease

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Americas Course (Curse?) of Empire

• Peace negotiations held in Paris to settle the
  war
• Treaty of Paris
• Cuba was free and independent (Teller Amend)
• Stipulations to this (Later in notes)
• US gained (1) Puerto Rico, (2) Guam, and (3)
  assumed control of Philippines.

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Americas Course (Curse?) of Empire

• Philippines posed biggest problem
• American Options/Consequences
• Give back to Spain
• decades of misrule
• Let Filipino people run own country.
• Thought warlords of country would compete and
  result in chaos.
• US takes over islands (McKinleys choice)
• US would look like imperial bully.
• Filipino people didnt want this (just got rid of
  Spain)

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Americas Course (Curse?) of Empire

• Anti-Imperialists

• Imperialists

• Emerged to halt annexation.
• Difference now is that prior lands were generally
  N. America. (Alaska, Hawaii little pop)
• Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie were among its
  members

• Argued Philippines could flourish economically.
• Rudyard Kipling wrote The White Mans Burden
  encouraged US to civilize Philippines.

Answers Question that had remained Should Senate
accept treaty and acquire Philippines.
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Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba

• PR was now owned by the US but not a state or
  territory.
• Foraker Act gave it limited elected Gov.
• Full US citizenship given in 1917
• Many improvements (sanitation, transportation,
  etc.)
• QUESTION
• Do American laws and rights apply to these lands
  and peoples?
• Insular Cases Supreme Court declared Americas
  laws and customs do not necessarily extend to
  these new lands.

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Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba

• The Teller Amendment had said the U.S would leave
  Cuba to be independent.
• Set up military Gov. and made many improvements
  up to that point. (Col. Leonard Wood)
• US leaves in 1902
• Platt Amendment
• Cuba cant make treaties US didnt like
• Cuba couldnt take on too much debt (US
  intervention)
• Cuba must lease coaling stations to US military.
• Guantanamo Bay

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New Horizons in Two Hemispheres

• Results of the splendid little war
• US is a world power (Likely strongest)
• Nations increased diplomatic headquarters in D.C
• America became patriotic
• A strong military was accepted a need
• Sec of War Elihu Root started a War College
• The North-South divide seemed to narrow
• Enemy ceased to be one another and was Spain
• The Philippines became a thorn in Americas side.

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Little Brown Brothers in the Philippines

• Filipinos thought they would get their freedom
  like Cuba.
• Felt betrayed by the Americans
• An insurrection began against the American troops
  by the Filipinos on Feb 4, 1899

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Little Brown Brothers in the Philippines

• Emilio Aguinaldo was the leader of the
  insurrection.
• He had fought for America against Spain
• Americas Response
• Water Cure cooperation
• Prison camps (like Weyler in Cuba)
• Attacking people who just wanted freedom

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Little Brown Brothers in the Philippines

• US gained upper hand in 1901
• Sent William H. Taft to be the civil governor of
  the Philippines.
• Called the natives his Little Brown Brothers.
• His relations with the natives was generally very
  good.

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Little Brown Brothers in the Philippines

• Tafts policy benevolent assimilation
• Use of kindness to civilize the people (Slow)
• SUCCESS of TAFT
• Infrastructure improved (roads, sanitation, etc)
• Trade increased, mainly sugar (Americans/Philippin
  es)
• Schools (Built and staffed)
• Filipinos still want FREEDOM!
• July 4, 1946 after WWII

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Hinging the Open Door in China

• Japan defeated China in 1894-1895
• Europe slices China into spheres of influence
• European nations controlled trade rights in
  cities
• EX Britain controlled Hong Kong (despised)
• Americas Concerns
• Missionaries concerned over access
• American business worried of losing markets.

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Hinging the Open Door in China

• Sec. of State John Hay
• Open Door Policy says spheres of influence
  should be dropped and Chinese cities should be
  open to all nations for business.
• Europe was not interested in losing their markets

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Hinging the Open Door in China

• Boxer Rebellion Chinese rose up to oust/kill
  foreigners who controlled their cities.
• 200 foreigners/thousands of Chinese Christians
  killed
• Europe and US crush Chinese uprising.
• Chinese have to pay 333 million in damages
• 24.5 million to US (Give 18 million to Chinese
  students in America)
• Open Door Policy reissued
• Accepted and Chinas borders were to be respected
  an its cities open to trade to all.

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Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900

• William Jennings Bryan v. William McKinley (1900
  Election)
• Bryan toured the nation again
• McKinley stayed at home
• Teddy R (VP) campaigned the country.
• McKinley wins re-election easily

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TR Brandisher of the Big Stick

• McKinley is shot 6 months after election
• TR becomes the youngest president ever at age 42.
  
• Speak softly and carry a big stick
• He is not silent
• Believe the president should lead, and he did.
• Considered the first modern president.

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Building the Panama Canal

• America wanted a canal across Central America
• REASONS
• Would boost business in Latin America
• Would make the US navy even stronger (Mobility)
• BARRIERS
• Clayton-Bulwer Treaty- Treaty signed w/ Britain
  which said the US could not control an isthmus
  route alone. (1850)
• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901 Gave US ok to work
  alone

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Building the Panama Canal

• Where should the canal be?
• 1st choice Nicaragua
• 2nd Choice Panama
• French company (Philippe Bunau-Varilla) had
  failed at their attempt.
• Price of canal holdings went from 109 Million to
  40 Million (Congress agrees to try)
• PROBLEM Panama was part of Colombia

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Building the Panama Canal

• US Addresses the Problem
• T.R tries to lease land (Senate rejects deal)
• Bunau-Varilla incites a Panamanian riot on Nov, 3
  1901 (US offshore for assistance)
• Revolution is success
• T.R recognizes Panama as independent and the
  Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty is signed.
• Leased canal to US for 10 Million and
  250,000/year for 10 mile wide canal strip.
• Beginning of Bad Relations with Latin America for
  US

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Building the Panama Canal

• Construction began in 1904
• Obstacle 1 Sanitation
• Col. William C. Gorgas helped drain swamps and
  eradicate mosquitoes/disease.
• Obstacle 2 Size of Project
• Col. George Washington Goethals engineered the
  task.
• Completed in 1914
• Cost 400 Million

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TRs Perversion of the Monroe Doctrine

• Roosevelt is in a tight spot when many Latin
  American nations default on their loans to
  European Nations.
• OPTIONS
• Let European leaders collect and violate Monroe
  Doctrine
• Allow delinquency of payments
• CHOICE
• Roosevelt Corollary An addition to the Monroe
  Doctrine.

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TRs Perversion of the Monroe Doctrine

• Roosevelt Corollary
• The U.S would intervene in Latin America and
  collect debts for Europe. (World Police)
• Addition was that not only will Europe not
  intervene but the US would intervene on their
  behalf.
• Latin American nations did not appreciate
  Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy

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TRs Perversion of the Monroe Doctrine
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Roosevelt on the World Stage

• TR gets his start on international stage in 1904.
  (Russia and Japan go to war)
• Dispute over the Manchuria area
• Both nations wanted the Sakhalin islands.
• Japan calls for TR to be peace negotiator
• Ironic that the War Hawk is going to negotiate
  peace
• Treaty negotiate at Portsmouth, NH 1905
• Both Russia and Japan left unhappy with result of
  treaty but war was over.
• TR would be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 1906

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Japanese Laborers in California

• yellow peril engulfed California in early 1900s
  with a flood of Japanese immigrants
• Only 3
• In 1906 the San Francisco School Board segregated
  Chinese, Japanese and Korean students.
• Roosevelt mediated the Gentlemens Agreement
• School board would stop segregation
• Japan would stop emigration of laborers to
  California

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Japanese Laborers in California

• Roosevelt ordered the Great White Fleet on a
  diplomatic good-will tour around the world.
• Really to show US is not scared of Japan/military
  muscle.
• Root-Takahira agreement signed by US and Japan.
• Both nations promised to respect one anothers
  territorial boundaries and honor Chinas Open
  Door Policy.