The

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The Big Stick America the World (1901-1917)
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Speak softly and carry a big stick you will go
far.--Teddy RooseveltSeptember 2, 1901 at the
Minnesota State Fair--
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Roosevelt Civilization

• TR made distinction between civilized
  uncivilized nations
• Based on race economic development
• Civilized nations should intervene in backwards
  nations
• Believer in strong navy
• Asst. Sec. of Navy author of The Naval War of
  1812
• U.S. had 2nd largest navy in the world by 1906

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Protecting the Open Door in Asia

• TR negotiated peace between Japan Russia in
  1905 (Russo-Japanese War)
• Made agreement w/ Japan to keep trade open
• Earned him Nobel Peace Prize in 1906
• Japan was quickly becoming the leading power in
  the Pacific
• Limited some trade w/ U.S.
• TR sent Great White Fleet around the world
  (1907-1909)
• Show of strength, test for fleet, chance to gain
  public support for naval build-up
• Stop in Japan

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Protecting the Open Door in Asia

• I hope that we can persuade our people on the
  one hand act in a spirit of generous justice and
  genuine courtesy toward Japan, and on the other
  hand to keep the navy respectable in numbers and
  more than respectable in the efficiency of its
  units. If we act thus we need not fear the
  Japanese. But if we show ourselves opulent,
  aggressive and unarmed, the Japanese may sometime
  work us an injury.
• --President Theodore Roosevelt, June 1905--

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The Iron-Fisted Neighbor

• Intervention in Latin America
• U.S. navy used to scare Germany after it attacked
  Venezuela (1902)
• Took control of Dominican customs in 1903
• Platt Amendment allowed U.S. to intervene in Cuba
• U.S. troops used there in 1906 to stop rebellion

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Iron-Fisted Neighbor

• Announced Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
  Doctrine in 1904
• 1. U.S. had right to oppose European intervention
  in Latin America
• 2. U.S. had right to intervene in Latin American
  countries if they were struggling to maintain
  order
• U.S. would act as international police power

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Iron-Fisted Neighbor

• It must be understood that under no
  circumstances will the U.S. use the Monroe
  Doctrine as a cloak for territorial aggression.
  We desire peace with all the world, but perhaps
  most of all with the other peoples of the
  American continent.
• --Theodore Roosevelt, 1905--

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The Panama Canal

• U.S. hoped to take over French canal zone for 40
  million (1902)
• Colombia refused to approve of purchase though
• U.S. then helped organize support a Panamanian
  revolt
• Panama gained independence gave U.S. rights to
  canal Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
• Canal completed by 1914, under budget
• Canal Zone split Panama in two

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The Panama Canal

• If I had followed traditional, conservative
  methods I would have submitted a dignified State
  paper of probably 200 pages to Congress the
  debates on it would have been going on yet but I
  took the Canal Zone let Congress debate
  while the debate goes on the canal does also.
• --Theodore Roosevelt, 1911--

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Taft Dollar Diplomacy

• Tafts foreign policy goals
• Increase U.S. investments to undeveloped regions
• Substituting dollars for bullets
• Stability in Latin America
• Intervention in Nicaragua
• Maintain open door in Asia
• Failed railroad attempt in Manchuria

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Diplomacy Morality

• Wilson had little experience in international
  affairs
• Carried on Roosevelt Tafts approach
• Marines sent to Haiti (1915)
• Military govt in Dominican Republic (1916)
• Bought Virgin Islands (1916)

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Wilson Mexico

• Much political turmoil in Mexico in 1910s
• Wilson refused to recognize govt led by
  Victoriano Huerta
• U.S. Mexico nearly went to war in 1914
• Then Wilson supported a new govt led by Pancho
  Villa, but later rescinded support
• Villa killed Americans in northern Mexico New
  Mexico (1916)
• Wilson sent Pershing w/ 10K men to capture Villa,
  no success

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Wilson Mexico

• Huerta had U.S. sailors arrested in Tampico
  (1914)
• Wilson used incident as reason to seize Veracruz
• Fighting led to casualties for both sides
• Nearly a war
• Venustiano Carranza replaced Huerta

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The Road to War

• The Collapse of Peace
• Imperialist ambitions
• Nationalism
• Militarism
• Alliances
• Triple EntenteBritain, France, Russia
• Triple AllianceGermany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
• Intense rivalries between Germany Britain, also
  Germany France

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Powder Keg Ignites

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated on June 28,
  1914 (heir to A-H throne)
• Assassin, Gavrilo Princip, was a Serbian
  nationalist
• Many Serbians hoped to annex Bosnia
• Bosnia was part of A-H empire

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Powder Keg Ignites

• Germany Austria-Hungary attacked Serbia
• Serbia gained Russian support
• Germany declared war on Russia and France
• Britain declared war on Germany
• WWI was under way

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Wilsons Neutrality

• Wilson asked Americans to be impartial in
  thought as well as deed
• British propaganda made Germans look
  evil/barbaric
• Ignored German blockade continued to trade with
  Britain France

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Wilsons Neutrality

• Germans used submarine warfare, U-boats
• Enemy ships sunk on site
• Sinking of the British liner Lusitania
• 1,198 deaths, including 128 American deaths
• Ship was carrying munitions

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Preparedness vs. Pacifism

• Wilson continued policy of neutrality, but
  encouraged preparedness
• Much anti-war sentiment from public
• Wilsons 1916 election sloganHe Kept Us Out of
  the War
• Wilson won close election

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A War for Democracy

• After re-election discussed plans for a postwar
  world
• Self-determination, league of nations
• War in Europe locked in stalemate
• Germans resorted to unrestricted submarine
  warfare
• Zimmermann Telegram
• Mexico urged to ally with Germans regain lost
  provinces
• Russian Revolution (1917)

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A War for Democracy

• Wilson asked Congress for war on April 2, 1917
• We shall fight for the thing which we have
  always carried nearest our heartsfor democracy
• Congress declared war on April 6, 1917