CREATED%20EQUAL

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1945-1953
CREATED EQUAL JONES ? WOOD ? MAY ? BORSTELMANN ?
RUIZ
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the adroit and vigilant application of
counterforce

• American diplomat, George Kennan, calling for the
  containment of Soviet expansion, 1946

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TIMELINE

• 1944 Servicemens Readjustment Act
• Smith v. Allwright
• 1945 United Nations created
• 1946 Morgan v. Virginia
• Mendez v. Westminster
• President Truman stops railroad workers and coal
  miners strikes
• Churchill warns of Russian iron curtain
• Philippines independence
• Indian Claims Commission

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TIMELINE

• 1947 Jackie Robinson joins the Brooklyn Dodgers
• Britain unable to provide financial assistant to
  Greece and Turkey
• Presidents Committee on Civil Rights
• Trumans federal employee loyalty program
• National Security Act
• 1948 UN Human Rights Charter
• Shelley v. Kraemer
• Anticommunist, apartheid regime takes control in
  South Africa
• Britain withdraws from Palestine
• Harry Truman wins Presidency
• 1949 Leaders of U.S. Communist party convicted
  of promoting overthrow of U.S. government
• National Security Act amendments

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TIMELINE

• 1950 Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma
• U.S. forces arrive in Korea
• Alger Hiss convicted of perjury
• McCarthys list of 250 Communists in the State
  Department
• National Security Councils-68
• 1952 McCarran-Walter Act
• 1953 Rosenbergs executed for treason

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COLD WAR AND HOT WAR Overview

• The Uncertainties of Victory
• The Quest for Security
• A Cold War Society
• The United States and Asia

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THE UNCERTAINTIES OF VICTORY

• Global Destruction
• Vacuums of Power
• Postwar Reconversion
• Contesting Racial Hierarchies
• Class Conflict

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Global Destruction

• 60 million lives lost in World War II
• Americas trading partners, Europe and Asia, lost
  their purchasing powers
• U.S. versus Russia hampered postwar reconstruction

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Vacuums of Power

• Fascism, militarism, white supremacy,
  colonialism Losers at the end of WWII
• Socialists, communists, and radicals filled the
  vacuum
• Labor party in Britain
• Soviet Union
• Socialist and communist parties in France, Italy,
  Belgium, and Scandinavia
• Indonesia gains independence from Dutch
• India gains independence from Britain
• Ho Chi Minh begins fight for independent Vietnam
• United Nations created by Allies in April, 1945

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Postwar Reconversion

• The boys come home Servicemens Readjustment
  Act of 1944
• Financial aid low-cost mortgages VA hospitals
  college and vocational training
• Factories converted from war materials to
  consumer products
• War-time rationing lifted
• Housing scarce 1/3 still lived in poverty
• Women returning men push women from jobs
  federal daycare facilities discontinued

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Contesting Racial Hierarchies

• Returning from fighting racism, minority
  challenges
• Returned to violence, lynchings, beatings,
  segregation
• Segregation upheld by U.S. Supreme Court in
  voting primaries, interstate transportation,
  contracts for house sales, graduate schools
• Popular culture crossed racial lines Bill Haley,
  Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, Little Richard,
  Jackie Robinson,
• Segregation overturned for Mexican Americans in
  California schools Native Americans helped pass
  anti-discrimination law in Alaska

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Class Conflict

• Labor unions suffered blows
• Major railroad workers and miners strikes crushed
• CIOs attempt to organize a diverse group of
  southern workers failed
• The Republican Party victorious in 1946 elections
• Taft-Hartley Act

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THE QUEST FOR SECURITY

• Redefining National Security
• Conflict with the Soviet Union
• The Policy of Containment
• Colonialism and the Cold War
• The Impact of Nuclear Weapons

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Redefining National Security

• The United States primary goal
• The creation and preservation of a free-trading
  capitalist world order
• The Soviet Union and western Europeans
  consideration of communism
• Secretary of State Acheson Hopeless and hungry
  people often resort to desperate measures.

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Conflict with theSoviet Union

• U.S. capitalism and openess
• Soviet Union communism and border protection
• Germany (U.S.) rebuilt to a trading partner, or
  (Soviet) kept impoverished to protect the Soviet
  Union
• Poland Allies insisted on free elections,
  Soviets wanted control of Poland
• Iran Soviet encouraged uprising
• Turkey and Greece Soviets desire for control of
  the Bosporus and Dardanelles

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The Policy of Containment

• Kennan Soviet hostility as a function of
  traditional Russian insecurity overlaid with
  newer Marxist justifications
• Churchill the Russian iron curtain across
  Europe
• Continued U.S. military presence around the world
• The Truman Doctrine
• The rebuilding of Germany and Japan

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Colonialism and the Cold War

• NATO colonial powers of Britain, France,
  Belgium, Holland, and Portugal
• Independence to avoid revolutions
• Philippines
• Vietnam (France holds onto)
• Palestine and the Jewish settlers of Israel

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Europe Divided by the Cold War
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The Impact of Nuclear Weapons

• Bikini Islanders, Utah, and Nevada experienced
  high cancer rates where atomic bomb tests
  occurred
• Navajo uranium miners
• Weapon plants leak radioactivity into groundwater
• Radioactive waste and where to put it?

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A COLD WAR SOCIETY

• Family Lives
• The Growth of the South and the West
• Harry Truman and the Limits of Liberal Reform
• The Cold War at Home
• Who is a Loyal American?

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Family Lives

• Suburbia
• Levittown
• 1950 housing construction at 1.7 million
• Segregation by moves to suburbia
• The Perfect Family with highly defined gender
  roles, and the importance of child-rearing

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The Growth of the South and the West

• U.S. military bases in the South and on the west
  coast and the Alaska-Canada highway
• The Sunbelt in the South the car and
  air-conditioning
• Californias agricultural boom

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Harry Truman and the Limits of Liberal Reform

• National health care program stopped by
  conservatives calling it communist policy.
• Truman courted the black vote in swing states
  with a platform of Civil Rights.

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The Cold War at Home

• The Rosenbergs
• Henry Wallace and his Communists
• Internal Security Act of 1950 required Communist
  party members to register with government and
  allowed emergency incarceration
• House Un-American Activities Committee
• McCarthyism

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Who is a Loyal American?

• Family life became primary and religion grew
• Black America
• NAACP distanced themselves from any perceived
  socialism/communism
• W.E.B. Du Bois and Paul Robeson
• Native Americas
• Indian Claims Commission and Dillon Myer
• Asian Americans
• McCarran-Walter Act of 1952

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THE UNITED STATES AND ASIA

• The Chinese Civil War
• The Creation of the National Security State
• At War in Korea

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The Chinese Civil War

• China missionaries and Americas market
• Chinese Communist Party and Mao Zedong
• October 1, 1949 China became the Peoples
  Republic of China
• Nationalists retreated to Taiwan

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The Creation of the National Security State

• Soviet Union and their first nuclear bomb
• National Security Council document 68 (NSC-68)
• Imperatives of military power
• Global involvement
• Increased defense spending
• Central Intelligence Agency
• National Security Council

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At War in Korea

• June 25, 1950 Communist North Korea crossed the
  38th parallel into South Korea
• Late June 1950, U.S. forces arrived in Korea
• Police action, not declared war
• Russia perceived as instigator
• McArthur

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The Korean War