Key Issue 2: Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas?

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Key Issue 2 Where Are People Distributed in
Urban Areas?

• Models of urban structure 3 social science model
  used to explain where people live in cities
• All 3 developed in the city of Chicago and later
  applied elsewhere
• Concentric zone model (Burgess)
• Sector model (Hoyt)
• Multiple nuclei model

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Inside the City

• Competitive bidding for land determines much of
  the land use within the city
• In general, population density land values
  decrease as distance from the CBD increases
• Peak-value intersections
• Population densities tend to show a hollow center

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Concentric zone model

• Theory represented the American city in a new
  stage of development
• Before the 1870s, cities such as New York had
  mixed neighborhoods where merchants stores and
  sweatshop factories were intermingled with
  mansions and hovels
• Rich and poor, immigrant and native-born, rubbed
  shoulders in the same neighborhoods. In Chicago,
  Burgesss home town, the great fire of 1871
  leveled the core
• Chicago became a segregated city with a
  concentric pattern
• The actual map of the residential area does not
  exactly match his simplified concentric zones

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1- The Concentric Zone Model (Bugess Land Model

• In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a
  series of rings surrounding the CBD, like the
  rings of a tree.
• The further from the CBD, the better the quality
  of housing
• Invasion and succession refers to continued
  expansion of CBD and continual push outwards of
  zones

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1. CBD nonresidential activities concentrated
2. Transition zone contains industry and poor
   quality housing. Immigrants to city first live
   here
3. Working class homes modest older homes - working
   class
4. Zone of better residences newer, more spacious
   homes
5. Commuters Zone beyond built-up area of the city

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• Zone 2
• Characterized by mixed pattern of industrial and
  residential land use
• Rooming houses, small apartments, and tenements
  attract the lowest income segment
• Often includes slums and skid rows, many ethnic
  ghettos began here
• Usually called the transition zone

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• Zone 3
• The workingmens quarters
• Solid blue-collar, located close to factories of
  zones 1 and 2
• More stable than the transition zone around the
  CBD
• Often characterized by ethnic neighborhoods
  blocks of immigrants who broke free from the
  ghettos
• Spreading outward because of pressure from
  transition zone and because blue-collar workers
  demanded better housing

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• -Zone 4
• Middle class area of better housing
• Established city dwellers, many of whom moved
  outward with the first streetcar network
• Commute to work in the CBD
• Zone 5
• Consists of higher-income families clustered
  together in older suburbs
• Located either on the farthest extension of the
  trolley or commuter railroad lines
• Spacious lots and large houses
• From here the rich pressed outward to avoid
  congestion and social heterogeneity caused by
  expansion of zone 4

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• Critics of the model
• Pointed out even though portions of each zone did
  exist, rarely were they linked to totally
  surround the city
• Burgess countered there were distinct barriers,
  such as old industrial centers, preventing the
  completion of the arc
• Others felt Burgess, as a sociologist,
  overemphasized residential patterns and did not
  give proper credit to other land uses

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Von Thunen
Burgess

• 1. Central Business District
• 2. Zone of transition
• Zone of independent
• workers zones
• 4. Zone of better residence
• 5. Commuters zone

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Free Response 2008

• Von Thunens model of land use and Burgess model
  of land use are similar in appearance but
  different in their geographic setting. Analyze
  and discuss the two models in terms of each of
  the following
• A.) For each of these models, identify the type
  of land use the model addresses.
• B.) Identify two assumptions that are shared by
  both models.
• C.) For each of these models, explain how
  relative location affects land-use patterns

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2- The Sector Model
In the sector model, a city grows in a series of
wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD.
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• Economist Homer Hoyt (1939) city develops a
  series of sectors, not rings. Certain areas are
  more attractive for various activities
• As city grows, activities expand outward in a
  wedge, or sector, from the center
• Maintained high-rent districts were instrumental
  in shaping land-use structure of the city

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Sector model

• Hoyt suggested high-rent sector would expand
  according to four factors
• Moves from its point of origin near the CBD,
  along established routes of travel, toward
  another nucleus of high-rent buildings
• Will progress toward high ground or along
  waterfronts, when these areas are not used for
  industry
• Will move along the route of fastest
  transportation
• Will move toward open space

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Sector model

• As high-rent sectors develop, areas between them
  are filled in
• Middle-rent areas move directly next to them,
  drawing on their prestige
• Low-rent areas fill remaining areas
• Moving away from major routes of travel, rents go
  from high to low
• There are distinct patterns in todays cities
  that echo Hoyts model
• He had the advantage of writing later than
  Burgess in the age of the automobile

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3- Multiple Nuclei Model
The multiple nuclei model views a city as a
collection of individual centers, around which
different people and activities cluster.
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• Some activates are attracted to particular nodes
  (e.g. - a university may attracted well educated
  residents, bookstores, and pizzerias, whereas an
  airport may attract hotels and warehouses)
• Incompatible land-use activities will avoid
  clustering - such as heavy industry and
  high-class housing

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Edge Cities the Urban Realm

• Outer city, suburban downtowns, often located
  near key freeway intersections, often developed
  around regional shopping centers and industrial
  parks. Also can have
• - office complexes
• - shopping centers
• - hotels
• - restaurants
• - Entertainment facilities
• sports complexes
• May approach 100,000 in population
• Examples include Tysons Corner, Virginia and
  Irvine, California

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Geographic Applications of the Models

• Concentric Zone consider 2 families with the
  same income and ethnic background. 1 owns their
  home, the other rents. The owner is more likely
  to live in an outer ring and the renter in inner
  ring
• Sector Model Given 2 families with their own
  homes, family with higher income will not live in
  same sector as lower income family
• Multiple Nuclei Model People of same
  racial/ethic background likely to live near one
  another.

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Application to Indianapolis
Percent of renters follows the concentric zone
model. The percentage of households that rent
their home is greater near the CBD and less in
the outer rings of the city.
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Application to Indianapolis
Median household income follows the sector model.
Income is highest in a sector to the north,
which extends beyond the city limits to the
adjacent county.
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Application to Indianapolis
Ethnic concentrations of minorities follows the
multiple nuclei model. Ethnic groups are
clustered in different areas.
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Colonial Cities

• Spanish (Latin America)
• Conquistadores completely erased indigenous
  settlements and mingled with the local culture to
  become a part of it. 
• Thus, Spanish colonial cities are more unitary in
  nature and follow Spanish elements.
• Laws of the Indies, 1573
• Cities centered around church and central plaza
• Grid-iron street plan
• Administrative system is also more centralized
  than that of the Portuguese in Brazil. 

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Central Plaza of Mexico City
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Colonial Cities

• French and British
• Never mingled with the local population and
  created separate quarters for themselves. 
• Thus, French and British colonies usually have a
  "White Town" consisting of spacious houses, well
  laid out streets and a "Native Town" which were
  usually quite dense and housed the indigenous
  population. 
• In apartheid countries of Africa, the division is
  very well defined. 
• Most colonial cities were either coastal (to
  allow maritime trade with the colonies) or
  administrative.

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Fez, Morocco (French New Town)
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Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (French demolished and
rebuilt city)
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Cities Since Independence

• Focal points of change
• In Latin America, wealthy push out from center in
  elite residential sector which develops along a
  spine (offices, shops, restaurants)
• Squatter settlements area within a city in an
  LDC in which people illegally establish
  residences on land they do not own or rent and
  erect homemade structures

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Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and
Semiperiphery

• Latin America Griffin-Ford Model (1980) showed
  the L.A. cities blend traditional elements of
  Latin American culture with forces of
  globalization that are reshaping the urban scene,
  combining radial sectors and concentric zones
• Disamenity sector poorest parts of cities that
  are not connected to regular city services and
  typically controlled by gangs drug lords

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African Immigrants in Paris
West African immigrants being removed from an
apartment building in suburban Paris where they
are accused of being squatters.
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The African City

• Difficult to formulate 1 model
• At start of 20th century, Sub-Saharan Africa
  contained world lowest levels of urbanization
• Today has worlds fastest growing cities
• Imprint of colonialism - Europeans laid out
  prominent urban centers in western style
  (including high rise CBDs and sprawling suburbs
• Central city typically contains 3 CBDs - remnant
  of colonial CBD, an informal market zone, and a
  transitional business center

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Nairobi, Kenya
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Asian Cities

• Located on coasts because built for trade
• Ports are very important
• Special Economic Zones
• Western companies locate here
• Provide jobs (Shanghai and Mumbai)
• Entrepots cities that re-export goods that are
  brought into their borders, sending items to all
  areas of the globe
• Seoul, South Korea
• Singapore (city-state)
• Hong Kong, China

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Southeast Asian City

• Some of the most populous cities in world
• McGee Model (1967) focal point of city is old
  colonial port zone combined with large commercial
  district which surrounds it.
• No formal CBD - government zone, alien commercial
  zone dominated by Chinese merchants, and mixed
  land-use zone
• Residential zones similar to Griffin-Ford Latin
  American model

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