Systematics

1
Systematics
2
Biological System of Taxonomy
corn
vanilla orchid
housefly
human
Plant
Anthophyta
Monocotyledonae
Asparagales
Orchidaceae
Vanilla
V. planifolia
3
Fig. 26-3
Species Panthera pardus
Genus Panthera
Family Felidae
Order Carnivora
Class Mammalia
Phylum Chordata
Kingdom Animalia
Archaea
Domain Eukarya
Bacteria
4
Fig. 26-3a
Class Mammalia
Phylum Chordata
Kingdom Animalia
Archaea
Domain Eukarya
Bacteria
5
Fig. 26-3b
Species Panthera pardus
Genus Panthera
Family Felidae
Order Carnivora
6
Systematics forming groups showing evolutionary
relationship.

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Name Genus species Homo sapiens

7
How to remember?

• D
• K
• P
• C
• O
• F
• G
• S

8
How to remember?

• Did Do Dumb
• King Kings Kids
• Philip Play Playing
• Come Chess Catch
• Over On On
• For Fine Freeways
• Good Grained Get
• Spaghetti? Sand? Squished

9
(No Transcript)
10
Fig. 26-4
Species
Order
Family
Genus
Pantherapardus
Panthera
Felidae
Taxidea taxus
Taxidea
Carnivora
Mustelidae
Lutra lutra
Lutra
Canis latrans
Canidae
Canis
Canis lupus
11
Fig. 26-21c
EUKARYA
Dinoflagellates
Land plants
Forams
Green algae
Ciliates
Diatoms
Red algae
Amoebas
Cellular slime molds
Euglena
Trypanosomes
Animals
Leishmania
Fungi
12
Our group
Universal Common Ancestor ?
13
Fig. 26-22
Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea
4
3
2
1
0
Billions of years ago
14
Fig. 26-23
Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
15
Fig. 26-23
Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
16
Phylogenies Ancestral trees showing
relatedness Along a lineage for a group or
species
A Common ancestor for mammals
17
(No Transcript)
18
What is a species?

• Species, simply means a kind or appearancein
  Latin.
• Still used this way in chemistry
• In Taxonomy, species is the most unique grouping
  in the hierarchy.

19
Species

• Based on Herbals, full page lists of characters.
• Binomial system Homo sapiens,
• Linnaeus (1700's) based on a type specimen,
  called the Holotype, with a complete description
  in Latin.

20
Herbal
Holotypes
21
Biological Species Concept

• Not a definition proper
• Based the ability to sexually reproduce thus
  sharing a common genepool and evolution.
• Species are groups of interbreeding natural
  populations that are reproductively isolated from
  other such groups.

22
Scientific names

• Always in Latin, italicized
• Genus capitalized, species not
• Underline names only for handwritten work, not
  print.
• In publications, author is include to
  distinguish form older, or other names
• Umbellularia californica (Hook Arn)Nutt

23
Fig. 26-5
Branch point (node)
Taxon A
Taxon B
Sister taxa
Taxon C
ANCESTRAL LINEAGE
Taxon D
Taxon E
Taxon F
Common ancestor of taxa AF
Polytomy
24
Applications of phylogenies

• What whale meat is being consumed in Japan?
• 13 samples of whale meat taken from Japanese fish
  markets.
• Used Mitochondrial DNA comparisons from meat to
  known published species samples
• Lines in red show relations to illegal whale meat.

25
Fig. 26-6
RESULTS
Minke (Antarctica)
Minke (Australia)
Unknown 1a, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Minke (North Atlantic)
Unknown 9
Humpback (North Atlantic)
Humpback (North Pacific)
Unknown 1b
Gray
Blue (North Atlantic)
Blue (North Pacific)
Unknown 10, 11, 12
Unknown 13
Fin (Mediterranean)
Fin (Iceland)
26
Fig. 26-16
Lizards and snakes
Crocodilians
Ornithischian dinosaurs
Common ancestor of crocodilians, dinosaurs, and
birds
Saurischian dinosaurs
Birds
27
Fig. 26-17
Front limb
Hind limb
Eggs
(a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs
(b) Artists reconstruction of the dinosaurs
posture
28
Fig. 26-17a
Front limb
Hind limb
Eggs
(a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs
29
Fig. 26-17b
(b) Artists reconstruction of the dinosaurs
posture
30
Fig. 26-19

• Molecular clock in mammals based on seven proteins

90
60
Number of mutations
30
0
120
90
60
30
0
Divergence time (millions of years)
Green dots 3 primate species (slower to change)
31
Fig. 26-20
0.20
0.15
Computer model of HIV
Index of base changes between HIV sequences
0.10
Range
0.05
0
1960
1940
1920
1900
1980
2000
Year