COMPARING%20VERTEBRATES

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COMPARING VERTEBRATES
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What is a vertebrate?

• Vertebrates are animals with an internal skeleton
  made of bone
• Although vertebrates represent only a very small
  percentage of all animals, their size and
  mobility often allow them to dominate their
  environment.

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What kinds of animals are included in
vertebrates?

• Fish
• Amphibians
• Reptiles
• Birds
• Mammals

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FISH
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There are three types of fish

• Jawless fish
• Ex Hagfish
• Cartilaginous fish
• Ex Sharks
• Bony fish
• Ex Goldfish

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Fish Movement

• All fish have an endoskeleton made up of either
  cartilage or bone
• Muscles attached to the endoskeleton allow fish
  to make strong movements
• Fins on fish increase stability and help them
  move forward
• Some fish use swim bladders to help keep them
  afloat

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How do fish respond to the environment?

• Fish have many organs to allow them to sense the
  environment
• Eyes, nostrils, taste buds, inner ears
• Fish have a unique organ called the lateral line
  
  which senses
  vibrations and
  helps fish
  direct their
  movement

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Respiration How do fish get oxygen?

• Fish use their gills to get the oxygen they need
  from the water
• Gills are made up of fingerlike projections
  through which gases enter and exit the blood
• In some fish, gills are covered by an operculum

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Circulation How does blood circulate through a
fishs body?

• Fish have a single-loop circulatory system
• Blood travels from the gills to the body to the
  heart and back to the gills
• Fish hearts have only two chambers (one atrium
  and one ventricle)

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How do fish maintain water balance?

• Fish have kidneys
• to regulate their bodys salt and water balance
• to remove wastes from the blood
• Excess water
  and body wastes
  leave the
  kidneys as urine

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How do fish reproduce?

• Most fish reproduce sexually through external
  fertilization in a process called spawning
• During spawning
• a female fish
  releases eggs
  into the water
• then, a male
  fish swims over
  them and
  
  releases sperm

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AMPHIBIANS
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Amphibian Members

• Frogs
• Salamanders
• Newts

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Amphibians have adaptations that allow them to
live on land

• Legs
• Lungs
• Double-loop Blood Circulation
• Cutaneous (skin) Respiration

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Amphibian Movement

• Amphibians move very differently than fish
  because of where they move (water vs. land)
• Land living animals rely on their stronger
  skeletons for support against gravity
• Limbs (arms and legs) allow for movement
• Frogs have thick hip bones to absorb impact of
  landing after jumping

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How do amphibians respond to the environment?

• Primary sensory organs of amphibians are the eyes
  and ears
• Vision is important in hunting and avoiding
  predators
• Sounds are transmitted to inner ear by the
  eardrum
• Amphibians have a well developed brain

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Respiration How do amphibians get oxygen?

• Most adult amphibians get oxygen using lungs
• Lungs are less effective than gills, but they
  dont need to be as effective as gills because
  air has MUCH more oxygen than water does
• Many amphibians also get oxygen through their
  thin, moist skin

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Circulation How does blood circulate through an
amphibians body?

• Amphibians have a double-loop circulatory system
• Structure of amphibian heart and circulatory
  system allows oxygen to be delivered to body more
  efficiently than fish
• Amphibian hearts have 3 chambers (2 atria 1
  ventricle)

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How do amphibians maintain water balance?

• Amphibians have kidneys like fish
• Mucous glands on skin keep them moist and prevent
  them from drying out

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How do amphibians reproduce?

• Amphibians are still tied to the water because it
  is where they reproduce
• They reproduce sexually by external fertilization
• Females lay eggs first, then they are fertilized
  by male
• Young amphibians
  develop in water as
  tadpoles and breathe
  through their skin

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REPTILES
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Reptile Characteristics

• First to live completely on land
• Dominated during age of Dinosaurs
• Can be found in a range of habitats (except
  extreme cold)
• All modern reptiles
• Have scales
• Have clawed toes (except snakes)
• Are ectothermic
• Lack feathers or hair

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Reptile Movement

• Have strong endoskeleton made of bone
• Legs of reptile (if any) are positioned more
  directly under body than limbs of amphibians
• This allows reptiles to move
  more easily on land
• Claws are used for
  climbing and
  digging

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How do reptiles respond to the environment?

• Many species of reptiles have keen vision to
  detect predators and prey
• Reptiles use their Jacobsons organ to taste
  the environment
• Reptiles are ectothermic (cant heat bodies using
  their metabolism)
• Body temperature is mostly determined by
  environmental temperature
• Many reptiles can change their body temperature
  by sunning or shading themselves

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Respiration How do reptiles get oxygen?

• Lungs have a large surface area, so they can get
  more oxygen in one breath than amphibians can
• Strong muscles in rib cage move air into and out
  of lungs quickly, maximizing lung efficiency

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Circulation How does blood circulate through a
reptiles body?

• Reptiles still have a 3 chamber heart, but the
  lower chamber (ventricle) is partially divided,
  reducing the mixing of oxygen-poor and
  oxygen-rich blood
• Therefore, oxygen is delivered to the body cells
  in reptiles more efficiently than it is in
  amphibians

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Reptile Reproduction

• Reptilian eggs are fertilized internally
  (protects gamete from drying out on land)
• Many reptiles are oviparous
• Young hatch from egg laid outside of mothers
  body
• Eggs of these reptiles are not protected
• Some reptiles are ovoviviparous
• Fertilized eggs remain inside females body
• Eggs of these reptiles are protected

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Reptile Reproduction

• The amniotic egg is crucial to the reptiles
  success as a terrestrial animal
• It contains a water and food supply and is
  watertight which prevents drying out
• Albumen (egg white) protects and cushions
  developing embryo
• Yolk sac contains embryos main food supply

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BIRDS
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Bird Characteristics

• A characteristic that birds have in common with
  reptiles is the amniotic egg
• Characteristics that are unique to birds are
  wings, feathers, beaks, and hollow bones
• Birds are endothermic they generate enough heat
  through metabolism to maintain a high body
  temperature, regardless of the temperature of the
  environment

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Bird Characteristics

• Birds need A LOT of energy to fly and regulate
  body temperature
• This energy is obtained by a quick and efficient
  digestive system (they eat a lot!)

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Bird Adaptations

• Birds have
  adaptations to allow them
  to fly, to eat the food that they eat, and to
  live in the environments that they live in
• Feathers insulate birds from water and cold
  temperatures.
• They may also be plucked to line the nest and
  provide insulation to the eggs and young.
• The individual feathers in the wings and tail
  play important roles in controlling flight.

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Bird Adaptations

• The bones of birds
  are thin and hollow
• Many bones are
  fused, making the
  skeleton more rigid
  
• Different beaks and feet are adaptations for
  different bird lifestyles
• Perching birds have curved toes/water birds have
  webbed toes
• Carnivorous birds have sharp beaks/water birds
  have rounded beaks to eat water plants

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Respiration How do birds get oxygen?

• Birds need a huge amount of energy to fly, which
  means they need a huge amount of oxygen
• They have air-sacs which are oxygen reservoirs to
  keep a constant flow of fresh air through the
  lungs

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Circulation How does blood circulate through a
birds body?

• For birds to circulate the huge amounts of oxygen
  needed for flight to all of their body cells,
  they need a very efficient heart and circulatory
  system
• Birds have four heart chambers
  and a double-loop circulatory
  system
• Their hearts also beat very fast
  when extra oxygen is needed

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Bird Reproduction

• Internal fertilization
• Amniotic egg w/ hard shell (prevents drying out)
• Birds usually care for their eggs and for their
  young
• Nests are built to protect eggs
• Monogamy common

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MAMMALS
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Key Characteristics of Mammals

• Mammals have hair
• Uses include insulation, camouflage, advertising,
  sensing environment.
• Mammals are endothermic
• (Can maintain a
  constant body temp.
  
  despite temp. changes
  in environment)
• This allows animals to
  live in cold temps.
  
  be very active

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Key Characteristics of Mammals

• Mammals have specialized teeth that reflect the
  differences in their diets
• Mammalian teeth are not continuously replaced
  (they only have two sets!)
• Four types of teeth incisors,
  canines, premolars, molars

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How do Mammals reproduce?

• Internal fertilization occurs
• Parental care in mammals is quite different from
  other vertebrates
• Young mammals depend on their mothers for a
  relatively long time
• They receive food, protection and shelter from
  her

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How do mammals move and respond to the
environment?

• Mammals use various methods of locomotion
• Modes include running, hopping, climbing,
  burrowing, flying, and swimming
• Bodies are adapted to moving around in particular
  environments

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How do mammals move and respond to the
environment?

• Mammals rely on their senses for survival
• The importance of a sense depends on a mammals
  lifestyle and habitat
• Echolocation is used by bats and dolphins to
  see their prey or obstacles in the environment

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Respiration How do Mammals get Oxygen?

• Lungs of mammals have LARGE internal surface area
  (more gas exchange per breath)
• Aided by a
  diaphragm which
  enlarges abdominal
  cavity drawing
  air in

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Circulation How do Mammals get oxygen to
circulate around their bodies?

• Mammals have
  a 4-chambered
  heart
• This ensures
  only oxygen
  rich blood gets
  to the tissues

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Groups of Mammals

• Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs
• They are only found in Australia and New Guinea
• Female monotremes do not have nipples the young
  lap up milk that oozes from glands located in
  mothers belly

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Groups of Mammals

• Marsupials spend most of their time developing in
  their mothers pouch
• Mostly found in Australia South America

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Groups of Mammals

• Placental Mammals are the most familiar types of
  mammals
• Make up 95 of all mammalian species
• The young develop inside females uterus, where
  they are nourished by her blood
• Many are domesticated