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Sentence Structure

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Title: Sentence Structure


1
Sentence Structure Punctuation
2
Clauses
  • Independent Clauses
  • Dependent Clauses
  • Phrase that is not a complete sentence
  • Has a subject and verb but it cannot stand on
    its own
  • Depends on another phrase to make it complete
  • Clue words After, although, as, because, before,
    since, though, unless, whatever, whenever, while
  • When Jim studied in Caribou for his chemistry
    test
  • A complete sentence
  • Contains a subject and verb, and presents a
    complete thought
  • Can stand alone
  • I walked down the street.
  • I just bought a brand new bike.

3
Making Sentences Linking Clauses
  • Use conjunctions (as, if, but, because, for, nor
    , etc.)
  • Use punctuation ( , --)
  • Use a independent marker word
  • Also
  • Consequentially
  • However
  • Nevertheless
  • Therefore

4
Run-ons and Sentence Fragments
5
Sentence Fragment
  • Incomplete thoughts (dependent clause) are
    presented as sentences
  • Because I forgot the exam was today.
  • Because I am a good student.
  • INSTEAD
  • Because I forgot the exam was today, I didnt
    study.
  • Because I am a good student, I finished my
    project early.

6
Comma Splice
  • Using a comma to separate two complete sentences
    (independent clauses)
  • I like this class, it is very interesting
  • To fix
  • Make two separate sentences
  • I like this class. It is very interesting.
  • Change comma ( ,) to a semicolon ( )
  • I like this class it is very interesting.
  • Add a conjunction
  • I like this class because it is very
    interesting.

7
Run-On Sentence
  • Occurs when two independent clauses are placed
    together without punctuation
  • The sentences goes on and on and on without a
    pause (punctuation)
  • Examples
  • My teacher is intelligent Ive learned a lot
    today.
  • Classical music is soothing I listen to it in the
    evenings.
  • I thought she said that you were coming with us
    why arent you coming with us?

8
Correcting Run-Ons
  • Split into two separate sentences
  • My teacher is intelligent. Ive learned a lot
    today.
  • Classical music is soothing. I listen to it in
    the evenings.
  • I thought she said that you were coming with us.
    Why arent you coming with us?
  • Connect the two independent clauses with a
    semicolon ( )
  • My teacher is intelligent Ive learned a lot
    today.
  • Classical music is soothing I listen to it in
    the evenings.

9
Correcting Run-Ons
  • Connect with a comma and a FANBOYS conjunction
    (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
  • My teacher is very intelligent, and Ive learned
    a lot today.
  • Classical music is very soothing, so I listen to
    it at night.
  • Make 1 clause dependent by adding a dependent
    word, such as since, when, after, as, while,
    because
  • My teacher is very intelligent because Ive
    learned a lot today.
  • I listen to classical music at night since it is
    very soothing.

10
Comma Rules Punctuation
11
Commas
  • Dont take commas for granted. Theyre like
    yield signs that help separate your ideas and
    prevent pileups. If you ignore one, you could be
    in for a bumpy ride.
  • Patricia OConnor
  • Lets eat Grandma!
  • Lets eat, Grandma!

12
Comma Rules
  • To separate 3 or more items in a series
  • On Saturday, I did my laundry, washed my car,
    and cleaned my room.
  • TRICK in a series, do you need and between
    each?
  • Did my laundry and washed my car and cleaned
  • YES? Use commas!
  • Before FANBOYS, when the connect 2 clauses
  • We wrote our journals in class, but our teacher
    forgot to collect them

13
Comma Rules
  • After an introductory expression, before a
    comment or question that is at end of sentence
  • Finally, he was able to get through to his
    bankers.
  • He said he needed to ruminate, whatever that
    means.
  • Around the name of a person spoken to
  • Did you know, Mr. Davis, that you left your
    computer at the library?

14
Comma Rules
  • Around expressions that interrupt the flow of the
    sentence
  • Phrases however, therefore, of course, by the
    way, I believe, I think
  • I know, of course, that this assignment is
    late.
  • Todays test, I think, is only a practice test.
  • Around additional information not needed in a
    sentence
  • Interesting information, but the sentence can be
    understood without it (aka appositives)
  • Katy, who organized the party, will buy the
    decorations.
  • I am, as Im sure you can tell, very nervous
    about this.

15
Addresses and Dates Commas?
  • Addresses put a comma after every item
  • She lived in Dallas, Texas (TX), when I met
    her.
  • He lives at 223 Center Street, Dayton, Ohio.
  • Dates
  • No comma between month and day
  • My birthday is February 16.
  • Otherwise use a comma
  • My aunt was born on Monday, October 25, 1980, in
    Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
  • If just month and day, no comma
  • She graduated from college in May 1985.

16
Other Punctuation Marks
  • Semicolon ( ) flashing red
  • Used to connect two independent clause, or to
    sort out a longer list, separate ideas
  • Andys toupe flew off his head it sailed into
    the distance.
  • Colon ( ) step on the brake
  • After the introduction of a long list, quote, or
    item
  • There is only one thing left to do now confess
    while you still have time.
  • I plan to visit these sites in London Trafalgar
    Square, Big Ben, and Buckingham Palace.
  • Dash ( )
  • Indicate an abrupt change of thought or emphasize
    something
  • Super comma that separates something from
    sentence
  • All four of themBob, Jeffrey, Jason, and
    Brettdid well in college.
  • I found out todayor was it yesterday?that
    were moving.

17
  • Parentheses ( )
  • Interruption in thought or speech adding details
  • Jimmy thinks he has won the lottery. (He is
    mistaken however.)
  • Ellipsis ( )
  • Happens with an omission in the sentence, or a
    pause in thought
  • Juan thought and thought and then thought some
    more.
  • Hyphen ( - )
  • Separates individual words or parts of words
  • Mother-in-law two-thirds
  • I have a red-haired brother.
  • Quotation Marks ( )
  • Sets off material that is quoted or spoken
    language or titles
  • Periods and commas go inside quotation marks
    regardless of logic
  • "I don't care," she said, "what you think about
    it."

18
Misplaced Dangling Modifiers
  • Modifier describes, clarifies, or gives more
    detail about a subject

19
Misplaced Dangling Modifiers
  • A word or phrase that is in the wrong place at
    the wrong time
  • Describes the wrong thing
  • Examples
  • Strolling along the trail, Mount Rushmore came
    into view
  • Born at the age of forty-three, the baby was a
    great comfort to Mrs. Wooster.
  • After a ten-minute nap, the plane landed.

20
How do we fix them?
  • Keep the modifier as close to the word it
    describes as possible!
  • The baby, born when Mrs. Wooster was
    forty-three, was a great comfort to her.
  • Name the appropriate or logical doer of the
    sentence
  • Make it the subject!
  • Be clear about the doer of the sentence

21
Lets Try
  • After reading the original study, the article
    remains unconvincing
  • After reading the original study, I found the
    article unconvincing.
  • After a ten-minute nap, the plane landed.
  • The plane landed after I took a ten-minute nap.
  • Strolling along the trail, Mount Rushmore came
    into view.
  • Mount Rushmore came into view as I was strolling
    along the trail.
  • Having arrived late to practice, a written
    excuse was needed.
  • Having arrived late to practice, the captain
    needed a written excuse.

22
Parallel Structure (Parallelism)
23
Parallel Structure
  • Using the same pattern of words to show that two
    or more ideas have the same level of importance
  • Talking, reading, writing
  • To eat, to sleep, to repeat
  • Makes writing more effectiveclearer and cleaner
  • I like to hike, to ski, and to sail
  • Ask not what your country can do for you, but
    what you can do for your country

24
Parallel or not?
  • Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bike.
  • Doing my homework and doing my chores will take
    up most of my weekend.
  • The teacher said he was a poor student because he
    waited until the last minute to study, completed
    his assignments too quickly, and lacked
    motivation.
  • They came, they saw, they conquered.
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