The Renaissance

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The Renaissance
Primavera by Botticelli
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The Italian Renaissance

• Renaissance means rebirth or revival
• Began in Italy
• Lasted from 1350-1550
• The classics from Greece and Rome were revived
• Art, literature, learning
• Spread throughout Europe
• Began in HMA rather than distinct break

Palazzo Della Signoria in Florence, Italy
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Features of the Renaissance

• Rediscovery of Greco-Roman civilization
• Emphasized reason, questioning, experimentation
  and free inquiry (in contrast to MA faith,
  authority, tradition)
• Glorified the individual worldly pleasures
• Viewed life as worthwhile for its own sake, not
  just in preparation for the afterlife
• Focus on secular (worldly) society, not just
  religious affairs
• Great works of art, literature, and science

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Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance

• Urban society
• Secular-worldly
• Recovery from the disasters of the 14th century
• Black Death
• Political disorder
• Economic recession
• New view of human beings and individual ability

Siena, Italy Piazza del Campo
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Why Italy?

• Failed to unite under one monarchy separate,
  independent city-states urban society
• Center of Greco-Roman world had sculpture,
  buildings, roads, manuscripts that excited
  curiosity about heritage
• Located on Mediterranean absorbed stimulating
  ideas from Byzantine Muslim worlds
• Benefited from revival of trade that resulted
  from Crusades
• Wealthy, influential patrons of the arts

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The Italian States Milan

• 14th century-Visconti family great wealth and
  power over Lombardy
• Last Visconti dies in 1447
• Francesco Sforza (condottiere-leader of a band of
  mercenaries) conquers Milan and becomes duke
• Built a strong, centralized state
• Efficient tax system

Duomo in Milan, Italy
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The Italian States Venice

• Grew wealthy from trading
• Small group of merchant-aristocrats ran the
  government on behalf of their own interests
• Trade empire brought enormous revenues
• Became an international power

San Marco in Venice, Italy
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The Italian States Florence

• The preeminent Renaissance city
• Medici family amassed a fortune in wool trade
• Cosimo and later Lorenzo (the magnificent) de
  Medici were outstanding patrons of the arts
• Powerful and influential family

Duomo in Florence, Italy
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Machiavelli

• Wrote The Prince
• Concerned with political power and how to get it
  and keep it
• Rejected the MA view that rulers behave on
  Christian, moral values
• Must understand human nature
• A ruler acts on behalf of the state, therefore,
  he should let his own conscience sleep
• Profound influence on political leaders in the
  Western world
• The end justifies the means

Machiavelli
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Other Literary Figures

• Cervantes Spanish, Don Quixote, ridiculed
  medieval society, especially knighthood
• Shakespeare English, poet and playwright used
  sonnets, dramatic techniques to probe historical
  events (Romeo Juliet, Hamlet, Julius Caesar,
  Macbeth, Midsummer Nights Dream)

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The Making of Renaissance Society Clergy and
Nobility

• Clergy Nobility held most power 10
• Castiglione describe the perfect noble in his
  work The Book of the Courtier
• Born, not made
• Work to be a warrior
• Have a classical education
• Standards of conduct
• Serve his prince in an effective and honest way

Isabella dEste
Pietro Medici
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The Making of Renaissance SocietyPeasants and
Townspeople

• About 90 of the population
• Serfdom declined and more peasants were becoming
  free
• Townspeople were divided also
• Patricians-wealthy traders, industry, and
  banking-dominated communities
• Burghers-shopkeepers, artisans, guild
  members-middle class
• Impoverished-unemployed, pitiful wages, 30-40
  pop.

Moneychanger and his Wife by Quentin Massys
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The Making of Renaissance SocietyFamily and
Marriage

• Parents carefully arranged marriages to
  strengthen business or family ties
• Details were worked out when children were 2 or 3
  years old
• Legally binding
• Dowry- money given by the wifes family to the
  husband upon marriage
• Father was the center of family
• Children became adults when they were legally
  freed
• Mothers role was to supervise the household

The Marriage of the Virgin by Raphael
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Italian Renaissance Humanism

• Humanism was an intellectual literary movement
  based upon the study of the classics
• Humanists studied the liberal arts - grammar,
  rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, mathematics,
  history
• Concerned w/everyday human problems
• Reflected the values of urban society

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Humanists

• Petrarch father of humanism studied classics
  and wrote in Latin sonnets expressed love and
  appreciation of nature
• Erasmus Dutch, Praise of Folly, ridiculed
  superstition, prejudice, upper class privilege
  church abuses encouraged thoughts of reform
• Sir Thomas More Utopia, an ideal society, free
  from war, injustice, poverty, ignorance

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Education in the Renaissance

• Gutenberg (bible) moveable type changes the
  world
• Humanists wrote books and opened schools based on
  their ideas
• History, Philosophy
• Rhetoric, Poetry
• Astronomy
• Music
• Mathematics
• Some women did attend humanists schools

Johannes Gutenberg
Gutenbergs Printing Press
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Vernacular Language

• Vernacular (national) language spoken in their
  own regions
• Began to compete with Latin
• Eventually replaced it
• Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales
• Dantes Divine Comedy
• Boccaccios The Decameron (plague)
• Rabelais Pantagruel Gargantua (comedy)

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The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
Branccaci Tributo fresco by Masaccio
Self Portrait by Leonardo da Vinci
Dome of the Duomo in Florence by Brunelleschi
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The Artistic Renaissance in Italy

• Frescoes - paintings done on fresh, wet plaster
  with water based paints
• Mosaccio
• Figures had the illusion of being three
  dimensional
• Two major achievements
• Perspective
• Movement and human anatomy
• Architects were inspired by the buildings of
  ancient Rome (San Lorenzo)

School of Athens by Raphael
Interior of San Lorenzo by Brunelleschi
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The Artistic Renaissance in Italy

• Mastery of techniques for a realistic portrayal
  of the world
• DaVinci dissected human bodies to study anatomy
• Glorified the human body
• Ideal Renaissance Man

Pieta By Michelangelo Rome, Italy
Ospedale degli Innocenti Designed by
Brunelleschi Florence, Italy
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The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
The Last Judgement By Michelangelo Sistine
Chapel Rome, Italy
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The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
The Sistine Chapel Ceiling by Michelangelo
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Italian Artists cont.

• Giotto religious themes
• Donatello sculptor copied ancient Greeks
• DaVinci the ideal Renaissance man
• Painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, musician,
  scientist
• Self-Portrait, The Last Supper, The Mona Lisa

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DaVincis The Last Supper
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Italian Artists cont.

• Michelangelo painter, sculptor, poet, architect
• Sistine Chapel, The Pieta (shown previously)
• Titian portraits the Assumption of the Virgin
• Raphael tranquil beauty in religious works
  the Sistine Madonna

Titian Assumption of the Virgin
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Raphaels Sistine Madonna
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The Northern Artistic Renaissance

• Skilled in painting details
• Did not fully understand perspective
• Jan Van Eyck- Flanders oils
• Albrecht Durer - Germany painter metal wood
  engraver

Jan Van Eyck Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride
Albrecht Durer
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Northern Artists cont.

• Rembrandt Dutch, lights and shadow, life of
  common people
• The Night Watch, The Anatomy Lesson
• Holbein German lifelike portraits of famous
  people

Rembrandts The Anatomy Lesson
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Botticellis The Birth of Venus
Breughels Childrens Games
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Durers Adoration of the Magi
Durers Self Portrait
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Van Eycks Madonna.
Raphaels Self Portrait
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The Reformation
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Reformation

• Typical medieval question What must I do to be
  saved?
• Martin Luther and others have a different answer
  to this question than what the Catholic Church
  believed.
• Eventually creates a complete break with the
  Catholic Church and destroys religious unity in
  the Western Christian World.

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Background

• Christian Humanism (or humanism) had already
  begun changes
• People could REASON and improve themselves
• Desiderius Erasmus should live good daily lives
  rather than focus on being saved
• Praise of Folly criticized church abuses,
  wanted reform not to destroy church

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Problems

• Popes involved in politics less spiritual
• Spent on art, architecture (St. Peters
  Basilica)
• Held multiple positions in church (pluralism),
  absenteeism, neglected religious jobs.
• Indulgences could pay for forgiveness
• Relics bones, objects, etc. of saints

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Martin Luther

• Entered monastery studies Bible
• CC (Catholic Church) said both faith and good
  deeds are need for salvation
• ML believed humans could never do enough good
  deeds to achieve this
• Not saved by good works but through FAITH in God,
  made possible through sacrifices of Jesus.
• Salvation by faith alone chief teachings of
  Protestant Reformation Bible is chief guide

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Luther cont.

• Posted 95 Theses to Church door at Wittenberg
  (Germany)
• Attacked indulgences, rituals, etc.
• Excommunicated in 1521
• Charles V Holy Roman Emperor calls ML before
  legislature (Reichstag) in Worms
• Luther does not recant
• Sentenced to be burned at stake

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Luther cont

• Hidden by supporters, returns 4 years later
• Set up new services to replace Catholic mass,
  marries
• Charles V troubled by war w/France
• 1555 Peace of Augsburg the division of the
  Church is now complete
• Could choose Lutheran or Catholic (but not really
  tolerant of each other)

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New Protestant Groups

• Switzerland Ulrich Zwingli
• Zwinglianism extreme changes religious images
  abolished, paintings removed, no mass, (instead
  scripture readings, prayer, sermons), no
  monasteries, pilgrimages, popes authority
  rejected
• Conflict Zwingli killed, burned

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New Protestant Groups cont.

• John Calvin Calvinism (also Switzerland)
• Very similar to Luther but absolute sovereignty
  of God
• Predestination already determined if you were
  to be saved or damned
• To be sure, lived good, pious (religious) life
• Spread quickly

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England

• Split occurs for political not religious reasons
• King Henry VIII (Tudor Family) wanted annulment
  from wife 1 (Catherine of Aragon) daughter
  Mary no male heir
• Wants to marry Anne Boleyn
• Grants annulment but Parliament breaks with
  Church
• Act of Supremacy King is head of church
  seized lands and sold!
• Marries 2 Anne Boleyn, has girl (Elizabeth)

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Henry VIII cont.

• Anne Boleyn beheaded (adultery)
• 3 Jane Seymour finally a male heir (Edward
  VI) she dies in childbirth
• 4 Anne of Cleves arranged marriage based on
  portrait. When he saw her, he divorced her ?
• 5 Catherine Howard beheaded
• 6 Catherine Parr she outlives him

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England cont.

• Edward VI (his only son) sickly, becomes king at
  age 9
• Allows clergy to marry
• Mary (from 1st marriage) staunchly Catholic
• Bloody Mary married to Phillip II Spain
  (Europes most Catholic King)
• Burned 300 Protestant churches
• Had reverse effect England becomes more
  Protestant

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King Henry VIII Of England Portrait by
Hans Holbein
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Bloody Mary Daughter of Henry VIII
and Catherine of Aragon
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Phillip II Of Spain
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Edward VI son Of Henry VIII Jane Seymour
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Queen Elizabeth England child of Henry VIII and
Ann Boleyn
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Other Protestants

• Anabaptists
• Christians are a voluntary community of believers
• Therefore adults should be baptized not children
• All members are equal
• Complete separation of Church and state (radical)
• Thou shall not kill literally
• Extremists- hated by Catholics Lutheran

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Impact of Reformation

• Clergy can marry so family becomes highly
  important
• Womens holy vocation bear children
• Abolished indulgences, relics saints,
  pilgrimages, monasteries, celibacy
• Catholic Church loses some power

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Catholic (Counter)Reformation

• To regain authority of Catholic Church
• Jesuits (Ignatius Loyola) absolute devotion
  to the Church missionaries to spread faith
• Reformed papacy corruption, finances,
  involvement in politics, etc.
• Council of Trent Reaffirmed traditional
  Catholic teachings
• Strong and ready to do battle for souls!